Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia di Belanda (PPI Belanda)
Beyond Inevitability: AI Tutoring and Educational Equity in Indonesia
Digital education platforms in Indonesia have begun introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a “tutor.” Initiatives such as Airis by Ruangguru exemplify this trend, offering AI-driven learning assistance in the informal education sector. Although currently these tools function mainly as supplements, the growing presence of AI tools in classroom calls for critical examination of whether policymakers and educators should incentivize the use of AI for efficiency or prioritize caution considering unresolved challenges surrounding educational quality, equity, and ethical safeguards. This research examines whether Indonesia’s policy-driven integration of AI tools in education aligns with the structural reforms needed to protect children’s rights and educational equity. Indonesia’s national AI roadmap, Buku Putih Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial Nasional positions AI as a potential solution to systemic challenges such as a centralized curriculum, unequal urban-rural access, and uneven teacher capacity. Flagship initiatives like Sekolah Rakyat are framed as vehicles for equitable education delivery, where AI-driven talent mapping, adaptive learning systems, and real-time monitoring promise to personalize pedagogy and improve resource allocation. However, without parallel investment in teacher training and curricular reform, such ambitions risk overstating what technology alone can achieve. AI’s effectiveness depends on addressing long-standing structural inequalities, not merely automating around them. Indonesia’s case illustrates both the promise and the perils of state-driven AI adoption. National visions present AI as a driver of inclusive growth, but without necessary work of structural reform, it may deepen educational inequity and potentially reversing the digital divide. Underprivileged children may become disproportionately reliant on AI-mediated instruction, while wealthier peers retain access to human teachers. This also raises concerns around data exploitation and commercialization, as students’ data become a source of profit for private corporations. Substituting human instruction with AI risks undermining children’s rights to quality education and contradicts the very goals of inclusive human capital development. This study uses a multi-method qualitative approach. First, it conducts a policy and discourse analysis of key government documents, including Buku Putih Peta Jalan Kecerdasan Artifisial and Indonesia’s current primary and secondary curriculum guidelines, and EdTech campaigns to understand how AI is framed in terms of “inevitability”, “human capital”, and “equity”. Second, it includes semi-structured interviews with Indonesian teachers across urban/rural and public/private schools, policymakers, and EdTech representatives to explore ground-level perceptions, experiences, and expectations. Lastly, it draws on children’s rights frameworks, such as Convention on the Rights of the Child and Law 23/2014 on Child Protection, to evaluate legal and ethical tensions between AI-based instruction and the right to quality education. Preliminary findings indicate that many Indonesian teachers express both curiosity and concern about AI in classrooms. While some see AI as a way to fill resource gaps, others worry about reduced teacher autonomy and the growing influence of commercial platforms in shaping pedagogy. Policymakers recognize AI’s potential but admit that guidance and regulatory frameworks are underdeveloped. Notably, both groups emphasize the need for culturally relevant approaches to AI that reflect Indonesian educational values rather than imported corporate models. This research is urgent and timely. It interrogates whose values and visions are guiding AI adoption in Indonesian classrooms, and most importantly assesses the broader implications for equity, ethics, and public education. Rather than rejecting AI altogether, it advocates for its cautious and context-sensitive integration, one that resists technological determinism and prioritizes human dignity, social justice, and children’s rights. Building on related works, such as Holmes (2021) from University College London, which emphasized the risks of uncritical adoption of AI in classrooms, this study proposes a two-level framework for responsible AI integration. From a top-down perspective, robust regulatory mechanisms are needed to ensure AI serves the public good. From the bottom-up, strengthening AI literacy among teachers and students will empower informed, critical engagement with these tools. Acknowledging the commercial agendas behind AI deployment is also essential to protecting education as a civic and moral endeavor, rather than reducing it to a market commodity.
Human Capital Development and Social Well-being
Copyright (c) 2025 Eleonore Hana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Halua: Traces of Gastronomy and Symbols of Social Status in the Langkat Sultanate Palace during the Colonial Period
Halua, a traditional Malay confection made primarily from cane sugar, fruits, vegetables, and spices, is not just a dessert in the culinary tradition of Langkat Malay. During the Langkat Sultanate, this dish played a more complex and nuanced role, particularly in the socio-political context of the colonial era. This study aims to trace the gastronomic traces of Halua as a symbol of social and political status in the Langkat Sultanate Palace. This study aims to analyze Halua's position in the culinary hierarchy and palace protocol during the colonial period, uncover the symbolic meaning of Halua as a marker of social status and a tool for legitimizing the sultanate's power, and analyze how sociopolitical contestation during the colonial period influenced culinary representation in the palace. This study used critical historical methods with a food anthropology approach. Primary data were obtained from colonial archives, sultanate manuscripts, memoirs, and in-depth interviews with sultanate heirs and traditional leaders. The data were analyzed qualitatively through source criticism, heuristics, verification (external and internal criticism), interpretation, and historiography. The study shows that Halua was not a dish that could be consumed freely by all social classes. The complexity of its ingredients (such as lime, cloves, and nutmeg), its sweetness, and the complexity of its production process made it a luxury commodity. In the palace context, Halua was served at official state events, aristocratic weddings, and traditional ceremonies as a symbol of the luxury, hospitality, and glory of the Langkat Sultanate. Serving it to Dutch guests or colonial officials was also a political and diplomatic strategy to showcase the sultanate's natural wealth and cultural sophistication. This study concludes that during the colonial period, Halua functioned as a cultural capital and a tool of power representation. Its existence reflected strict social stratification and became a medium for maintaining the cultural identity and authority of the Langkat Sultanate amid the political pressure of the Dutch East Indies colonial government. This research makes an important contribution to understanding culinary history not only as a practice of consumption but also as a reflection of the social, economic, and political dynamics of an era.
Cultural Heritage, Communication, and Humanistic Values
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ikhsan Lubis (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Empowered People, Prosperous Nation: Human Capital as Indonesia’s Path Toward Welfare and Sustainability
A prosperous nation is born from its empowered people. Indonesia is currently facing major challenges in developing human capital, which will determine the success of harnessing its demographic dividend. Indonesia’s Human Capital Index (HCI) is only 0.54, meaning that a child born in Indonesia is expected to reach only 54% of their future productivity potential (World Bank, 2020). This figure is lower than Thailand (0.61) and Malaysia (0.62) (Tanoto Foundation, 2025), reflecting the urgency of improving the quality of education, health, and social equality as the three main pillars of enhancing citizens’ quality of life. This paper aims to examine the urgency of human capital development in Indonesia by highlighting key issues in education, health, and social equality, while reviewing initiatives that have been implemented. The paper’s new contribution is to emphasize the importance of cross-sectoral integration and the shift of focus from quantity to quality in human capital development. This study uses a qualitative approach based on policy analysis and literature review, drawing on World Bank and Statistics Indonesia (BPS) reports, as well as case studies on the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP), National Health Insurance (JKN), the National Strategy for Accelerating Stunting Reduction, and the Family Hope Program (PKH). The analysis reveals several critical issues. First, education. A learning crisis, where the average length of schooling is 12.3 years but equivalent to only 7.9 effective years (World Bank, 2020). Second, health. Stunting prevalence declined from 31.4% (2018) to 21.6% (2022), with a target of 14% by 2024 (World Bank, 2023). JKN coverage also rose significantly, reaching 98% of the population by the end of 2024 (Titin, 2025). However, progress remains uneven across regions, and disparities in healthcare quality persist. Third, social equality. Poverty declined to 9.03% in March 2024, while the Gini ratio fell to 0.379, the lowest level in a decade (Cabinet Secretariat RI, 2024). Yet, regional disparities remain significant, and vulnerable groups such as rural communities and persons with disabilities continue to face serious barriers. Thus, despite progress, structural challenges remain: national achievements are uneven, targets are not fully met, and the quality of education and healthcare has not yet matched the level of access provided. Human capital development is an urgent necessity to ensure that the demographic dividend truly becomes an opportunity. This article concludes with policy recommendations: improving the quality of basic learning through evaluation and educational technology, strengthening community-based primary healthcare services, accelerating digitalization of public services, and expanding inclusive social safety nets for vulnerable groups. With cross-sector collaboration and strong political commitment, Indonesia can prepare a healthy, intelligent, and productive generation as the foundation for a just and globally competitive future. It is hoped that the findings of this study can assist the government and policymakers in designing more inclusive, sustainable, and adaptive development and financing policies to meet the needs of Indonesian society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayuanda Sekar Melati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Words that Move the Earth: Agents and Strategies in Indonesian Nickel Discourse
The global transition to a low-emission future has increased demand for minerals, especially nickel for electric vehicle batteries. This positions Indonesia, which has the world’s largest nickel reserves, in a very strategic yet vulnerable position (Gellert, 2019). In response, President Joko Widodo’s government launched an aggressive downstreaming or hilirisasi policy. This aims to transform the economy from a raw material exporter into a major player in the value-added industrial supply chain. This policy is supported by a strong development narrative, framing nickel extraction as a necessity for economic progress, national sovereignty, and job creation (Pandyaswargo, Wibowo, Maghfiroh, Rezqita, & Onoda, 2021). However, behind this dominant development narrative lie perceived severe ecological and social impacts, including massive deforestation, water pollution, and the dispossession of indigenous communities’ living spaces, which are often overlooked or marginalized in formal policy debates (Nasution et al., 2024). This condition creates an arena of sharp discursive contestation among various actors with conflicting interests and worldviews. There is a significant gap in studies that specifically deconstruct how this policy narrative is shaped, maintained, and challenged through discursive practices. Previous studies tend to focus on what the impacts of the policy are but have not examined how key actors use language and discursive strategies to win the contest of meaning that ultimately legitimizes a particular development model. This research fills that gap by analyzing: How do actors within the Indonesian nickel discourse strategically shape policy narratives on development and conservation through the exercise of discursive agency? Three sub-questions emerge: (1) What are the dominant and counter-hegemonic discourses in the Indonesian nickel policy discourse over the last five years? (2) How do key actors position themselves within the discourse? and (3) How do key actors use discursive strategies to construct and sustain these discourses? Theoretically, this thesis uses the Discursive Agency Approach (DAA) framework developed by Leipold and Winkel. DAA allows for an in-depth analysis of how actors become relevant political agents by identifying with specific subject positions within a discourse and using various strategic practices to support their claims (Leipold & Winkel, 2017). This framework is complemented by key concepts from Argumentative Discourse Analysis (ADA), by Maarten Hajer, particularly regarding how a discourse can achieve dominance (hegemony) through the processes of discourse structuration (the acceptance of a narrative as a ‘natural’ worldview) and discourse institutionalization (the embedding of a narrative into formal law and policy) (Hajer, 1995). This research is designed as an interpretive qualitative case study, focusing on the period from 2019 to 2024, which covers President Joko Widodo’s second term. The empirical basis of this research is a systematic analysis of publicly available documents as the primary sites of discursive contestation. Data sources include key legislative documents such as Law No. 3 of 2020 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining (Minerba Law) and the Job Creation Law (Omnibus Law), official minutes from Hearing Meetings (RDP) and Public Hearing Meetings (RDPU) in the House of Representatives (DPR), as well as advocacy reports and investigative media from civil society organizations (CSOs) like the Mining Advocacy Network (JATAM) and alternative media such as Watchdoc. Data analysis was conducted inductively using Atlas.ti software, through a two-stage coding process to identify patterns, storylines, and strategic practices emerging directly from the data. The main findings of this research identify two competing discourses. The dominant discourse is the "Economic Growth First" narrative, which has achieved hegemonic status. This discourse is promoted by a powerful discursive coalition, identified as the "State-Corporate Alliance". This coalition consists of central government institutions (Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Industry), State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) like MIND ID, large corporations managing industrial parks (e.g., IWIP and IMIP), as well as newly co-opted actors such as several religious organizations that have been granted mining business permits. This coalition effectively uses powerful storylines such as "downstreaming for value addition" and "regulatory simplification for investment". Their hegemonic power lies in the ability to institutionalise this discourse into a binding legal framework, especially through the Omnibus Law, which fundamentally restructures environmental governance and permitting to facilitate large-scale investment. The marginalized counter-discourse is identified as "Conservation as Defense Against Destructive Development". This discourse is articulated by a looser coalition, comprising CSOs (JATAM), academics, indigenous communities (Masyarakat Hukum Adat), and some dissident factions within parliament. They actively challenge the dominant narrative by reframing "development" as a process of deceptive "greenwashing", ecological catastrophe, social dispossession, and human rights violations. Their storylines center on irreparable environmental damage, the suffering of local communities who lose their land and livelihoods, and sharp criticism that the "energy transition" narrative is just an excuse to legitimize an exploitative extractives model. Despite having strong moral arguments and empirical evidence, this discourse is systematically marginalized through various mechanisms, including institutional barriers, the delegitimization of its supporters as "anti-development", and exclusion from crucial decision-making processes. Overall, this research concludes that the nickel discourse in Indonesia is not a balanced debate, but rather a contest severely skewed by power relations. The dominant alliance not only wins the debate but also actively shapes the arena of debate itself by using its control over the state apparatus to rewrite the "rules of the game" through legal instruments. This shows that the most powerful strategic practice for dominant actors is the ability to institutionalise their worldview, thereby limiting the room for manoeuvre and the relevance of the discursive agency of their challengers. The Indonesian case provides an important contribution to the global debate by demonstrating how the "green transition" narrative can be strategically co-opted at the national level to legitimise a model of extraction that is considered fundamentally unjust and unsustainable. Practically, policymakers can use these findings to design a more inclusive policy process by recognising how dominant narratives can marginalise vital ecological and social considerations. For CSOs and local communities, this analysis can serve as a tool to understand and counter the hegemonic discourses that disadvantage them. Ultimately, this research contributes to the discourse on Indonesia's future development by encouraging a shift towards an energy transition model that is not only focused on economic growth but is also fundamentally grounded in environmental justice.
Environmental Sustainability and Resource Management
Copyright (c) 2025 Gerald Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Virus, Chloroplast, and Insect Vector Interaction: Can We Use Yellowing to Control Disease?
Reports had indicated that chloroplast might have a role in yellowing virus infection and this virus-chloroplast interaction could influence insect vector (Mauck, 2012; Schop, 2024). However, the biology of this tripartite virus-chloroplast-insect vector interaction surrounding yellowing symptoms still shrouded in mystery. In this project, we investigate how yellowing virus infection influence the structure and function of chloroplast and how this interaction then influence the transmission of virus by insect vector. Our pre-eliminary results, working with beet yellow virus (BYV), sugar beet, and green-peach aphid model system, revealed that the virus first systemic leaves detection using RT-PCR preceded the leaves yellowing appearance (7-8 and 13 days post inoculation, respectively), meaning that the virus was already in the plant even before symptom. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also suggested that BYV infection potentially influenced chloroplast structural change in plant, which might explain how yellowing appeared. We hypothesized that BYV modulate yellowing to attract insect vector to feed the plant and then transmitting the virus to other plant as a result. Yellowing phenomenon thus might be potential to be exploited to control insect vector behaviour and with that, also controlling the disease transmission. In Indonesian context, this project could be a fundamental science research model which investigate several aspect of sustainable agricultural practice and the results could be extrapolated to Indonesian specific agricultural plants. This is mainly because chloroplast present in all plants and aphid as an insect vector is cosmopolite in the world.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizko Hadi, Rene van der Vlugt, Emilyn Matsumura (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Indonesia’s Strategic Role in Enhancing ASEAN Human Rights Integration Towards ASEAN Human Rights Court Establishment: Integrating and Balancing Governance, Human Rights, Security, and Economic Development by Drawing Lessons From ECHR and EU
Southeast Asia’s (SEA) human rights protection is impeded by ASEAN’s guiding principles of state sovereignty, non-interference, and consensus. While the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) and the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) signal advancement, these frameworks lack judicial power, enforcement mechanisms, and normative clarity to tackle structural human rights violations. This article discusses Indonesia’s critical role in advancing ASEAN’s human rights protection and the long-term vision of an ASEAN Human Rights Court (AHRC). As SEA’s largest democracy and economy, Indonesia can lead this reform by aligning governance, security, and economic priorities, drawing from the experiences of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and European Union (EU). The core research question is how can Indonesia use its political, legal, and economic influence to be a regional hegemon within ASEAN to improve human rights integration and bring an ASEAN Human Rights Court into existence, based on the example of ECHR and EU? The rationale behind this question lies in concerns about a democratic deficit, human rights enforcement problems and the region's authoritarian survival. As ASEAN deepens its integration via initiatives like Community Blueprints, the success of these efforts will largely rely on rights-based, credible governance. With Indonesia's constitutional human rights obligations, strong civil society and regional advocacy background, it is uniquely positioned to be the prime mover in this process. Concerning solution, this study recommends a two-level reform approach. At the minimum, Indonesia should champion AICHR’s mandate expansion to include judicial functions, individual and NGO access, and ECHR-inspired due process protections. At maximum, Indonesia should advocate for a gradual establishment of an ASEAN Human Rights Court under a treaty-based protocol to the ASEAN Charter, patterned after the Strasbourg Court. Such reforms will slowly transform ASEAN from a declaratory, state-centric architecture to one that actually enforces human rights. Comparative legal study of The ECHR yields important benchmarks-judicial independence, access, fair process, binding judgments-that might inform an ASEAN court. Simultaneously, the EU example shows how a human rights architecture can strengthen good governance, security and economic development through legal certainty, the rule of law, and regional confidence. Concerning evaluation, this research assesses the viability and resistance to such reforms. The major hurdles are ASEAN’s non-interference, inconsistent commitments to democracy, and sensitivities over sovereignty. These can be mitigated by a gradualist approach to reform, opt-in arrangements, and confidence-building measures. A vanguard of states committed to rights could begin with a subregional adjudicatory body that could be expanded to ASEAN-wide in the future, akin to the EU’s multi-tiered integration. Indonesia’s geopolitical centrality, G20 membership, and ratification of the core UN treaties position it to have the legitimacy and leverage to drive these changes. Preliminary findings indicate that human rights leadership from Indonesia is possible and normatively legitimate. ASEAN is currently lagging behind the ECHR, as well as the African and Inter-American systems, which have already established regional courts. This gap is costing ASEAN some of its legitimacy as a people-oriented community. The creation of such a court, however, would strengthen ASEAN's identity as a rules-based community, improve regional security by addressing rights-based grievances, and help with economic integration by providing legal certainty. Indonesia, as a Muslim-majority democracy and aspiring middle power, is particularly well-placed to mediate between Western conceptions of rights and Southeast Asia's multiple legal cultures, and is therefore central to the emergence of an ASEAN-style rights court. This study bridges an important literature gap. Past work on ASEAN has focused on its human rights deficits (Tay & Thio, 2021; Pech & Chee, 2019) or Indonesia’s domestic path (Butt, 2020; Lindsey & Butt, 2018). The push by Indonesia for a supranational human rights court has been neglected. Combining comparative international law, regional integration theory and ASEAN studies, this paper forges an innovative framework for legal reform. It also contributes to the debate about how regional organizations outside Europe can adapt the ECHR model to their own political and cultural contexts, rather than transplant it. In Conclusion, Indonesia is a key to ASEANs human rights future. Advancing an ASEAN Human Rights Court would underscore its democratic leadership, promote regional stability, and enable ASEAN's economic and security aspirations to become rights-respecting governance. The long-term goal is for ASEAN to develop similar to the Europe through EU and Council of Europe into a rule-based community with an independent human rights court. This transformation would be a milestone for Southeast Asia and a contribution to global human rights pluralism while the added value is the integrated and balanced policies on Governance, Human Rights, Security and Economic Development.
Economic Development, Governance, and Security
Copyright (c) 2025 Isroni Muhammad Miraj Mirza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Proposal of an Adaptive Planning Method to Enhance Indonesia’s Power System’s Supergrid Plan
Indonesia’s power generation is still heavily dependent on fossil fuels, with about 80% of its electricity coming from coal- and gas-fired power plants. In late 2024, Indonesia published the National Electricity Plan (RUKN), outlining a roadmap toward net-zero emissions by 2060. The plan projects continued growth in power demand, driven by the emerging economy and increasing electrification. While it encourages renewable integration, it also adds new coal plants, showing Indonesia is still far from aligning with global climate goals. Nonetheless, renewable and climate-focused components must be implemented effectively to ensure progress toward a more sustainable system. One key policy for climate change mitigation is the supergrid, a transmission network to interconnect Indonesia’s main islands, now isolated. Most renewable potential lies outside Java, while most demand is concentrated on the island. A supergrid would transfer renewable energy from remote areas to load centers, addressing this imbalance. Though requiring major investment due to geographical separation of supply and demand, the supergrid offers multiple benefits. It enhances stability, supports high short circuit levels, and strengthens ASEAN’s regional electricity trade. This makes it not only a tool for renewable access but also for reinforcing domestic and regional power systems. Although the supergrid offers significant benefits, its development faces numerous challenges, primarily due to uncertainties. Among many, there are two important uncertainties related to this work. First, climate change poses a serious threat. The author’s preliminary insight from ongoing work about the assessment of climate change impacts indicates that Indonesia’s power system could be vulnerable to extreme heat, which can reduce generation performance, and to flooding risks driven by sea level rise. Second, there are uncertainties inherent in long-term planning itself. Project delivery timelines may be delayed, future power demand may fluctuate unpredictably, and costs may vary significantly, all of which add complexity to supergrid development. Moreover, due to the single supergrid timeline, when the conditions change, it is difficult to adapt to the new situation, and the plan needs to be changed. These uncertainties not only increase the technical and financial risks but can also lock the system into suboptimal pathways. Without a more flexible approach, the supergrid plan could face stranded assets, reduced investor confidence, and limited ability to respond to unexpected developments. One of the approaches to address the mentioned uncertainties and support the stakeholders to make a robust decision is the use of adaptive planning methods. Adaptive planning is designed for complex and wicked problems where stakeholders cannot easily agree on assumptions or outcomes. In such conditions, conventional static planning often fails to capture the wide range of possible futures. Therefore, a more robust plan is needed. Several methods can support decision-making under deep uncertainty. Among them, the XLRM problem framing, robust decision-making (RDM), exploratory modelling, and adaptive planning approaches will be combined in this work. The common principle of these methods is to stress-test multiple scenarios and identify which strategies remain effective across different possible futures. Together, they offer a way to separate robust pathways from vulnerable ones. XLRM problem framing is a method to define the: X = uncertainties, L = policy levers, R = resources, and M = measures. By framing the XLRM, stakeholders can initiate a structured view of the overall problem. Due to the technical requirements of the long-term supergrid plan, the XLRM framework will be further operationalized by quantitative simulations using energy system optimization and power system models within an exploratory modelling environment. This creates a bridge between qualitative framing and quantitative analysis. Finally, the adaptive planning proposal draws from the Dynamic Adaptive Pathway Planning (DAPP) taxonomy. DAPP helps frame the solution into easy-to-read pathways that anticipate future change by providing transfer points during the plan. It also enables early identification of tipping points, conditions that would otherwise lead to a dead-end. For Indonesia’s supergrid, this means decision-makers could maintain flexibility, avoid stranded investments, and prepare timely adjustments when climate or demand conditions shift. Climate change and the current long-term planning approach in Indonesia create a complex problem with many uncertainties that will affect the supergrid development. This paper does not yet provide quantitative results; rather, it proposes an adaptive planning approach to support decision-makers in finding more robust solutions. The main contribution is to contextualize adaptive planning methods for Indonesia’s supergrid, showing their potential to manage risks from climate change and long-term infrastructure challenges. Looking ahead, future work should test these methods through quantitative modelling and stakeholder engagement, so that the proposed pathways can be further developed into actionable strategies for Indonesia’s energy transition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hariadi Aji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Adaptive Project Strategies for Accelerating Permanent-Quality Post-Disaster Housing in Indonesia
As a nation highly vulnerable to natural disasters, Indonesia faces a recurring challenge in providing timely post-disaster housing. The current paradigm is predominantly reactive, with all processes (from planning and procurement to construction) commencing only after a disaster has occurred. In-depth analysis reveals that the critical bottleneck is not the physical construction itself, but the lengthy and bureaucratic preparation phase, which can consume over half of the total project timeline. This systemic delay, caused by procurement procedures, land acquisition challenges, and resource mobilization, directly prolongs the suffering of survivors in temporary shelters and impedes socio-economic recovery. This issue highlights a fundamental gap between the potential of technical solutions, such as modular construction, and the reality of rigid and reactive project delivery systems. Comparative case studies of adaptive modular projects in the Netherlands underscore that successful implementation depends less on technological sophistication and more on the alignment of the socio-technical system, including workflows, organizational structures, and stakeholder coordination. In Indonesia, this misalignment is exacerbated by a public procurement framework ill-suited for urgency, forcing a difficult choice between slow, standard procedures and high-risk, less accountable emergency measures. In response to these challenges, this research aims to formulate an integrated and proactive project delivery framework for post-disaster housing in Indonesia. This framework is designed to bridge the socio-technical gap by synergizing two key elements: a preparedness-based procurement strategy and adaptive modular building technology featuring Design for Disassembly (DfD) principles. The primary objective is to shift the paradigm from "rebuilding after disaster" to "ready to build when disaster strikes," thereby drastically reducing the time from an emergency declaration to the provision of dignified housing. Employing a qualitative and iterative Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology, this study reconstructs existing workflows from case studies in Lumajang and Central Sulawesi to identify critical bottlenecks and accelerators, while drawing on international best practices to design an implementable solution for the Indonesian context. This research establishes a foundational project delivery framework, using the case studies not to represent a monolithic Indonesia, but as samples to develop a universally applicable paradigm. The framework is inherently adaptive to the nation's heterogeneity by design. In practice, its governance model can adjust to varying levels of community resilience, empowering self-reconstruction where feasible. Similarly, its construction methods can be tailored to specific disaster impacts, accommodating everything from light renovations to the complex, large-scale relocations required in cases like Palu. The proposed solution is a proactive, closed-loop system centered on a Framework Agreement established pre-disaster. During the preparedness phase, the government conducts an open tender for a multi-year agreement with a panel of pre-qualified contractors and modular manufacturers. These partners are then mandated to produce and stockpile standardized, permanent-quality modular components in strategic regional warehouses. When a disaster occurs, the government can immediately activate a contract (call-off) with a partner from this panel, bypassing the need for a new, lengthy tender process. Ready-to-use components are dispatched to the affected site, allowing for the rapid construction of permanent-quality temporary shelters within weeks. Once the emergency phase concludes and long-term housing solutions are in place, these modular shelters are systematically disassembled. The components are then inventoried, inspected, and returned to the regional warehouses, becoming a national asset ready for deployment in future disasters. The implementation of this framework would yield transformative benefits by fundamentally shifting the time and complexity burden from the critical post-disaster period to the more stable pre-disaster phase. The proposed framework's primary trade-offs are the upfront investment in stand-by components and their associated logistical management costs. These are accepted costs within any preparedness strategy, reframing the challenge as providing 'living space security' for disaster victims. While the substantial long-term gains in rapid socio-economic recovery would require a dedicated cost-benefit model to formally quantify, the strategic value lies in shifting from reactive expenditure to a predictable investment in national resilience. For survivors, this translates to faster access to safe, healthy, and dignified housing. For the government, it establishes a more predictable, accountable, and cost-effective long-term response system. For the construction industry, it drives standardization, innovation in modular technology, and creates a more resilient supply chain. This research asserts that accelerating post-disaster housing is not merely a technical challenge but a strategic and systemic one. By adopting a proactive procurement framework integrated with adaptive modular technology, Indonesia can fundamentally enhance its disaster response capabilities, moving from a cycle of reactive improvisation to a structured, sustainable, and truly resilient system of preparedness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fransiskus Prisyafada, Akbar Azizul Hakim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Culture and Rice Stocks: How The Kasepuhan Gelaralam Maintains Food Reserves since the 14th Century
The issue of food has recently gained significant prominence in global discourse, becoming a primary focus of the United Nations (UN)'s agenda through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program, particularly Target 2. The prevalence of food-related issues in Indonesia is a multifaceted challenge, particularly given the country's diverse population demographics (Rozaki, 2021). Conversely, studies have indicated that indigenous knowledge systems in Indonesia hold the potential to address challenges related to food security. One notable example is the Kasepuhan Ciptagelar community (Dirgahayu et al., 2023). This indigenous community has garnered recognition for its local wisdom in effectively managing food resources. It is regarded as having the capacity to overcome food-related challenges within its own community. According to several articles, this community possesses sufficient food reserves to meet its own needs for decades (Roosyana, 2021; Pitaloka, 2025). As elucidated in the foregoing discussion, this article aims to illustrate how the indigenous community is represented by the aforementioned claim through their quotidian practices and cultural traditions. The purpose of this article is to provide straightforward explanations for the claims that this community possesses plentiful food reserves. It is important to note that the arguments and explanations presented in this article are based solely on the culture and practices of the Kasepuhan Ciptagelar community. These data have been obtained from various sources. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach to provide a comprehensive overview of the practices implemented within the community. The data analyzed in this study were obtained using a triangulation approach from various sources, including interviews, observations, and secondary data sources such as articles and the internet. Kasepuhan Ciptagelar (as of 2022, it has changed to Kasepuhan Gelaralam) is a traditional Sundanese community residing around the Halimun-Salak Mountains in Sukabumi, West Java Province. This community is widely recognized for its association with a culture centered on agricultural practices, particularly rice farming. This indigenous community has existed since 1368 AD and continues to exist at the time of this article's release. Since its inception, Kasepuhan Gelaralam has practiced an agricultural culture in its daily life, primarily related to rice and involving harmonious interaction with the environment. This community holds a sacred belief that the earth represents the figure of "Mother," a concept that is deeply esteemed and safeguarded by the community. This belief significantly impacts the interaction dynamics between the community and the "Earth," which is analogous to the relationship between a "Child" and "Mother." They believe that damaging the environment means "hurting" Mother, which is why activities that damage the environment are prohibited in Kasepuhan Gelaralam. This cultural belief about the “Mother of Earth” exerts a significant influence on the practice of rice cultivation because it holds that a mother can only give birth once a year, and this belief is reflected in the annual cycle of rice farming. In Kasepuhan Gelaralam, farming is regarded as a form of worship and is deeply considered to be sacred. This community has its own unique customs and rules that govern this practice. Analogous to the care and nurturance bestowed upon a pregnant mother, rice fields are meticulously cultivated and nourished, ensuring their growth and eventual yield of rice. In Kasepuhan Gelaralam, the results of rice farming activities and production are formally documented in a traditional ceremony known as Ponggokan. This ceremony, which spans three days, is a significant cultural event in the region. During this period, all Kasepuhan residents are obliged to report their rice production to Kasepuhan through traditional representatives or village leaders in each village. The estimation is based on a comprehensive set of data, including information from interviews, food production data, demographic data, the rice recovery rate from traditional rice milling methods, and food consumption requirements data (Statistics Agency of Indonesia, 2024). The data in Table 1 indicates that from 2020 to 2023, rice production in Kasepuhan exhibited a surplus, while in 2024, a deficit was observed. According to the information obtained, the deficit was attributed to a technical limitation in the system of record-keeping. Specifically, the ponggokan and deficit figures were only reflected in the food production census data, which did not indicate a production insufficiency. The information acquired during the course of the interviews indicated that a surplus of rice had consistently been produced each year for a long time, with the understanding that the annual yield was limited to a single cycle of production. This indigenous community places rice in a high and sacred position because they believe that rice is a gift from their "Mother," who is also the source of life for the community (the main source of food). Consequently, they are forbidden from selling their "source of life." The practice of trading rice is perceived as a profound insult to the gift bestowed by their "Mother," and as a perilous act that jeopardizes their very existence. Consequently, all rice produced is consumed domestically and never traded. This prohibition is one of the factors that explains the large food stocks in Kasepuhan Gelaralam, according to several sources. The norms, perspectives on natural environments, and cultural as well as agricultural practices of the Kasepuhan Gelaralam community have been in place for approximately six centuries, since the community's establishment around the 14th century AD. This also signifies that rice production in Kasepuhan, which is purported to perpetually exceed demand, has been accompanied by a ban on the sale of rice for over 600 cycles. This has undoubtedly resulted in a substantial accumulation of rice reserves, thereby ensuring ample provisions to meet their food needs. This assertion provides the fundamental rationale behind Kasepuhan Gelaralam's claim to possess abundant food reserves, sufficient to sustain their community for decades.
Copyright (c) 2025 R. Muhammad Rouffie Putera Kesuma Runjung (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Instagramming Heritage: Exploring Museum Nasional Indonesia Role and Representation of Cultural Objects
Museum Nasional Indonesia (MNI) is a home to thousands of cultural heritage objects, ranging artifacts to human remains from all over Indonesia. As a knowledge-producing institution, it plays a crucial role in creating narratives and representations of its collection, especially in communicating their cultural object’s significance to the public through social media. With the reopening of MNI in 2024, after a year-long closure for reconstruction, and the repatriation of cultural objects from the Netherlands, it is timely to examine how the museum creates narratives of its collection in what marks a significant year. The question will be how the museum creates narratives and represents its collection as a national institution. It aims to explore the narratives conveyed by the objects featured on MNI's Instagram account and how these narratives are shaped and represented as a national institution within Indonesia's broader cultural and political context. Furthermore, this research explores how the museum’s Instagram content reflects its role as a national institution, contributing to the broader conversation on whether it adopts a universalist or relativist approach to cultural heritage. This research will employ content analysis and critical discourse analysis to address the research question and interpret data from Museum Nasional's Instagram account. Content analysis will serve as the primary method, as the study seeks to identify patterns in the Instagram content by categorizing posts. In total 82 Instagram posts from @museumnasionalindonesia in the period of January - October 2024 were classified into different categories based on the post's theme and how it connects to broader meanings, especially in terms of visual aspects and content texts. Content analysis is essential for answering the research question by examining the messenger, message, target audience, intent, method used, and impact paying attention to visual elements, cultural contexts, and motifs. It also involves collecting and analyzing qualitative data to identify underlying patterns and insights (Patton, 2002), focusing on the dominant themes in the MNI Instagram account. This research is primarily driven by the perspective of Drotner and Schrøder (2017), who support the assertion made by the International Council of Museums (ICOM). They state that social media can impact all five fundamental functions of a museum: acquisition, conservation, research, exhibition, and communication (International Council of Museums 2007, as cited in Drotner and Schrøder 2017). Additionally, given Museum Nasional's role as a national institution, this research will examine how this role is represented in their Instagram content, particularly within the cultural and political context of Indonesia. To address the research question, this study will examine concepts related to museums as knowledge-producing institutions and national entities, specifically focusing on their connection to cultural capital from the perspective of Museum Nasional Indonesia (MNI) as a national institution (McDonald, 2003). As an Ideological institution, the museum plays a crucial role in crafting narratives and displaying its collections (Vergo, 1989; Völker, 2017). This includes the importance of sharing the significance of cultural objects on social media, which helps communicate their value to local communities—who are the true owners of this heritage—and to the broader audience of Museum Nasional. This study examines whether MNI Instagram reflects its institutional paradigm as universalist or relativist. Evanoff (2004) describes the universalist approach as seeking common ground through the belief that basic forms of rationality, knowledge, and values are universally valid, while the relativist view contends that these concepts are culturally specific, leading to no possibility of universal agreement and advocating for the acceptance of cultural diversity. The findings suggest five themes that support this argument: Balancing Education and Promotion, Institutional Identity vs. Cultural Narratives, Object-Centric Representation vs. Cultural Storytelling, National Narrative Through Repatriation and Revitalization, The Dilemma of Universalism and Relativism. These themes reveal that MNI's Instagram content predominantly reflects its identity as a national institution by showcasing cultural objects in educational and promotional contexts. However, these representations often lack deeper cultural narratives. Additionally, the Museum Nasional’s Instagram presentation emphasizes its identity as a national institution by using consistent templates that feature logos and visuals showcasing government involvement, museum development initiatives, and repatriation as a national achievement. This approach reflects a universalist perspective on cultural heritage, frequently overlooking the multicultural narratives of Indigenous peoples and local communities and the broader stories that these objects represent within Indonesia’s diverse culture, raising questions about the role of a national institution in a multicultural country. To summarize, while MNI's Instagram successfully conveys its role as a national institution, it failed to portray Indonesia's multicultural identity and the diverse voices of local communities. This study acknowledges its limitations, such as the exclusion of Instagram Stories, cross-media analysis with websites or other platforms, and comprehensive cultural and historical fact-checking of the contents. Future research might focus on these areas to have a more thorough understanding of MNI's media representation. In the end, this research recommends that MNI's Instagram content include more voices from local communities, stories from visitors, and acknowledgment of the origins of its collections. By actively featuring stories and testimonials from visitors, MNI can foster a more engaging and relatable online presence. Additionally, the institution must acknowledge and highlight the origins of its collections, which would provide context and deepen the audience's understanding of the cultural significance behind the artifacts. Such inclusive representation could better balance institutional identity with cultural diversity. Therefore, MNI can more effectively fulfill its role and purpose as a national institution, ensuring that it resonates with a broader audience and reflects the diverse narratives within the communities it represents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Putri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Implementation of AI in Government Organizations: Evaluating Readiness
In the past few years, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based applications in public administration worldwide has increased considerably. AI is allegedly a promising technology that can support digital transformation in government. Among various use cases of AI in the public sector, predictive analytics is one of the most commonly used AI-based systems, besides chatbots (Misuraca and van Noordt, 2020). This AI technology makes predictions about future outcomes using historical data combined with statistical modeling, data mining techniques, and machine learning (Seifert, 2023). It uses algorithms, for example, to automate certain administrative activities, forecast where and when there is a high risk of incidents occurring, or help staff in assessing applications for benefits and tax allowances. However, the effectiveness of AI implementation to improve public services to date remains debatable, and many government organizations in practice still struggle to implement AI successfully. According to the European Commission data catalogue 2024, a number of AI-based systems in European countries fail in the early stages, and more applications are staying in prototyping than have been institutionalized for routine usage. We believe that one of the reasons for those difficulties is a lack of readiness at the organization. Thus, it is important to learn from the institutions that have started AI adoption and explore factors influencing their readiness and the impacts they perceived in implementing AI. It is necessary to recognize AI-specific factors that differentiate it from other digital technologies and the requirements it expects within institutions. In the context of Indonesia, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based applications up to now is perceived as limited. Precise identification of them is difficult to obtain, because there is no single registry to collect information from the government, as discovered on https://algoritmes.overheid.nl/ by the Dutch government to register all algorithms used by the government. The Indonesian government apparently still focuses on realizing a single, big, open, and linked data as an essential resource for AI technologies. But Indonesia must speed up the preparation to avoid being left behind. Massive high-level direction to embrace AI for digital transformation should be followed by practical guidance at the application level. Readiness evaluation is helpful to assess the existing government situation and identify actions to be more ready to implement AI. The existing research about AI readiness in the public sector typically focuses on the perceptions of those who build AI initiatives within their own organizations (Mikalef et al., 2022; van Noordt & Tangi, 2023). There is a risk of bias that the project managers see the AI innovation as a great success, while other actors involved in the system share different opinions. Besides, previous research frequently did not distinguish different types of AI applications, although we know AI is a collection of data-driven applications and technologies. A specific AI type relates to unique resources and variations in the underlying machine learning algorithm, design, data sources, deployment scenario, or impacts. So, the capability requirements for implementing AI predictive analytics are reasonably different from, for instance, chatbots or image recognition systems (van Noordt & Tangi, 2023). Moreover, earlier empirical research provides insight that the use of AI in government is often heavily focused on technological capabilities and may overlook ethical and human problems (Criado & de Zarate-Alcarazo, 2022). Therefore, to fill that gap, this research aims to evaluate government readiness for AI using a multi-actor perspective, focusing on predictive analytics use cases, and uses an integrated framework that comprises technical, institutional, ethical, and people readiness. This research will answer a research question: What factors influence the government’s readiness for implementing AI predictive analytics? This research question is answered by conducting an exploratory research through case studies in one Indonesian and one Dutch government organization. With explorative case studies, deeper insights into the situation of the organization can be obtained. From a sample case in the Dutch government, we analyzed the use of predictive analytics in providing risk predictions for thousands of subsidy requests coming from entrepreneurs each year. The AI tool is designed to help the officers make decisions faster, whether to approve or reject the requests. In our study, we recognized that AI developers and AI users have different perspectives on some factors related to the use of that AI application. The AI developers highlight the importance of a dedicated team to handle AI innovations, the provision of sufficient computing power, and strong support from top management as the key factors, while the AI users spotlight the importance of values and trust in the AI system. Furthermore, we found that although the AI developers are confident with the accuracy rate of this AI tool, the users perceive less impact of the tool in helping their work. Here, we conclude that measuring the accuracy is not only a statistical matter, but it calls for alignment with functionality that meets the users' needs. This research also found that employees’ readiness, e.g., openness with AI and trust in AI, whether they are policymakers or daily users, shapes the organization’s readiness to use AI. From a case in the Indonesian government, we analyzed the use of predictive AI by the central government to monitor the budgeting and spending of regional governments. The AI features cover a rule-based system for anomaly detection and data validation, natural language processing for data standardization and budget tagging, and machine learning for forecasting budget realization. In this case, we discovered that AI techniques are utilized to obtain data quality for predictive AI analysis. Another finding is that building commitment to data-driven decision-making is crucial to ensure the tool works. Both case studies allow us to capture the AI-specific and context-specific factors. Our findings are in line with previous work, which says that ascertaining management commitment and the levels of support from different stakeholders for AI solutions is crucial to sustaining the use of AI and scaling up in broader applications (Medaglia and Tangi, 2022). Additionally, we also learn how both organizations apply different approaches in dealing with AI innovations. The Dutch government has a regulation-based approach due to the existence of the AI Act and GDPR, with implications that the organization is more cautious in developing AI applications. The AI innovations developed by a dedicated team have resulted in the application having less sophisticated functions for the users to avoid high risks. The Indonesian government applies an innovation-based approach due to the absence of AI-related regulations, with implications that the organization emphasizes boosting AI innovations and skills, the AI innovations mostly come bottom-up, and technical efforts precede ethical and governance readiness, leaving regulatory frameworks of AI in place. From this study, we propose several practical actions to support digital transformation through AI implementation in Indonesia. While waiting for a national legal standing of AI use in Indonesia, we can build a single registry to provide information and ensure transparency about the use of AI algorithms for public services, facilitate an AI experimental lab with regulatory sandboxes to foster innovations in controlled environments, and establish a strong collaboration among government institutions to uphold a culture of data-driven decision-making.
Technological Innovation and Digital Advancement
Copyright (c) 2025 Emyana Ruth (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Rapid Urbanization in Bali’s Tourism Hotspots (2017-2024) Using AI-based Satellite Embedding Analysis
Bali’s rapid tourism-driven growth has transformed its landscapes at an unprecedented pace. Tourism contributes approximately 44% of the province’s regional income, with development concentrated in coastal hotspots such as Canggu, Seminyak, and Kuta. While this growth sustains the local economy, it also accelerates the conversion of agricultural land and green spaces into built-up areas, raising concerns about sustainability, cultural preservation, and environmental resilience. Conventional urbanization studies often rely on optical remote sensing approaches that are highly sensitive to cloud cover, seasonal variation, and sensor noise. Moreover, land cover data has not been easily accessible in developing countries, making it difficult to do consistent long-term monitoring. Recent advances in artificial intelligence offer an alternative: AI-based satellite embeddings provide a multi-dimensional representation of surface conditions that is less affected by these limitations and can detect subtle land cover changes over time (Brown et al. 2025). To this end, we propose an AI-based embeddings approach to analyse agricultural land conversion in Bali tourism hotspots between 2017 and 2024. It aims to answer how agricultural land has changed over this period, to what extent farmland has been converted into built-up areas compared to other land cover transitions, and whether AI-based satellite embeddings can serve as an effective tool for monitoring land cover change. Furthermore, the development of such an accessible tool is particularly important in the Indonesian context. Official government land cover data, known as Data Tutupan Lahan is often complicated to access for the public. This creates a significant challenge for those who need information on land use trends. Our study shows the potential of this embedding-based model to be a helpful tool that can act as a quick substitute. It could empower groups like local journalists, small environmental NGOs, or independent researchers to conduct their own analysis of terrain changes without being dependent on slow bureaucratic processes. This study applies Google DeepMind’s Satellite Embedding V1 dataset to quantify urban expansion in six village administrative districts in Bali: Ubud, Pererenan, Munggu, Cemagi, Tibubeneng, and Canggu from 2017 to 2024 (Brown et al. 2025). These areas were selected due to their varying degrees of tourism development and rapid land use changes. For detecting land cover changes, the embeddings allow a robust comparison across years while minimizing false changes from seasonal effects or sensor noise. The land cover was classified into four categories, agriculture, built, water, and others. Agriculture refers to rice fields, plantations, and other cultivated land. Built refers to built-up area such as housing, commercial area, tourism facilities and other supporting infrastructures. Water includes river, lakes and other permanent water bodies. Others encompass non-agricultural open land and vegetation, such as dry fields, grasslands, shrubs and bare soil. For each class, we select around 100 samples as training data. We used a supervised k-Nearest Neighbours (kNN) classifier, where labeled examples are used to cluster the embedding space, assigning a label for each pixel based on the label of its closest neighbor in the embeddings space. A key advantage of the embeddings dataset is its suitability for low-shot learning, allowing high-quality classification with only a small number of labelled samples. The trained classifier was applied to satellite image embeddings from 2017 and 2024 in Google Earth Engine to produce consistent land cover maps. By comparing the classified maps, changes over seven years period were identified through pixel-level transitions, conducted in ArcGIS Pro. This process allows us to determine not only the extent of land cover transformation but also the specific transitions between categories (agriculture to built, agriculture to others). Overall, this approach provides a cost-effective and accessible method for monitoring urban expansion, particularly valuable in developing country contexts. The land cover classification achieved high reliability, with an overall accuracy of 92.4% and a Kappa coefficient of 0.89, indicating strong agreement between the predicted and reference data. This performance was achieved with a relatively small training dataset of only 100 samples per class, showing the effectiveness of the embedding-based classification approach. The confusion matrix shows that most misclassifications occurred between the agriculture and built categories, as well as between built and others, which is expected in a rapidly urbanizing landscape where land use boundaries are often blurred. Despite these overlaps, the classifier performed consistently well across all four categories, providing a robust basis for subsequent change detection analysis. The land cover analysis between 2017 and 2024 reveals distinct spatial patterns across the seven study villages, as can be seen in Table 1 and figure 1. The land conversion from agricultural to built-up area experiences the largest change, particularly in Pererenan (18.74%), Canggu (15.50%), and Tibubeneng (14.51%). These findings highlight the strong development pressure in the tourism-driven southern coastal belt. By contrast, Ubud recorded a more modest agriculture-to-built conversion with 5.85% of its total area. Conversion from agriculture “other” land cover types (e.g., non-productive land) was also notable, especially in Pererenan (10.27%) and Munggu (8.83%), suggesting that agricultural land abandonment is not always followed directly by construction, but may remain as transitional or underutilized space. By comparing our results to a relevant study (Yasada et al. 2024), we observed both similarities and important differences in Canggu Village. Their study, which used visual interpretation of Landsat images, also confirmed the major trend of land conversion to settlements. Our figure for the total settlement area is very close to theirs, with only a 1.96% difference, which reinforces the conclusion of rapid urban development in Canggu. However, a significant discrepancy appears in the classification of non-built-up land. Our model identified 32.15% less area as rice fields. In contrast, it classified a considerably larger area (+318.69%) as 'Village Forest & Open Land'.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Wayan Nadiantara, Putu Indah Adnyani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
LLMs for Explainable Automated Vehicles: Supporting Indonesia’s Vision for 2045
Indonesia’s Vision 2045 aspires to achieve developed-country status by emphasizing human development and technological advancement. Automated vehicles (AVs) are among the frontier technologies that could contribute to this ambition, yet Indonesia’s heterogeneous traffic conditions pose unique challenges for decision-making. Current AI-based AV controllers act consistently but lack transparency, limiting trust in their reasoning. This study investigates whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can enhance explainability in AV decision-making by generating human-understandable justifications. Using OpenAI models as a case study, we tested ethically challenging traffic scenarios and prompted models with 12 categories of human reasons identified in prior work. Results show that integrating these reasons improved alignment with expert judgments and supported socially acceptable maneuvers, though response times and reliability remain critical limitations. We conclude that LLMs are better suited as explanatory modules within Advanced Driver Assistance Systems than as primary controllers, offering pathways to safer and more trustworthy AV adoption in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucas Elbert Suryana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
From Silicon to Society: A Chance to Drive Indonesia’s Global Competitiveness
As the foundation of modern technology, semiconductors power everything from artificial intelligence systems to consumer electronics, positioning them at the core of not only the present, but also the future of the global digital economy. The semiconductor industry keeps growing by day as our world becomes more and more dependent on its technology. As nations compete for leadership in this sector, developing domestic capabilities in chip production has become critical not only for economic competitiveness but also for technological sovereignty and resilience. The South East Asia region is not free from this global ‘chip war’. Our neighboring Malaysia has already made plans to strategically positioned itself as a key player in the semiconductor supply chain. Spearheading this initiative by its National Semiconductor Strategy (NSS), which has secured foreign investments, trained thousands of engineers, and established local integrated circuit design companies. Other neighboring nations also share the same ambitions as the Vietnamese government continue to enact new laws and launch targeted investment incentives to foster the semiconductor industry, especially looking to enhance its capabilities across all stages of the semiconductor supply chain, particularly in manufacturing and design. For Indonesia, strategic engagement in the silicon chip sector presents a unique opportunity to enhance its global competitiveness while driving inclusive economic growth. Indonesia has undertaken a series of strategic initiatives to position itself as a competitive player in the semiconductor industry. Firstly, Indonesia holds a significant abundance of critical resources, such as silica, found in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Furthermore, the government has recently established a dedicated National Semiconductor Task Force under the Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs to develop a comprehensive ecosystem for the semiconductor industry and has finalized the country’s first National AI Strategy to attract foreign investment and guide development across key sectors. Despite Indonesia’s ambitious initiatives in the semiconductor sector, the country still lags behind global leaders in technological sophistication. To evolve from primarily an assembly-focused base to a more advanced and innovative semiconductor player, there is still much to be done in order for Indonesia to strengthen its research and development capabilities, foster deeper collaboration between industry and academia, and enhance integration across the entire semiconductor value chain. Researchers have also noted that the absence of established domestic semiconductor brands and a limited local supplier ecosystem, combined with a shortage of skilled professionals and crucial infrastructure, presents additional barriers that deter foreign investment. To address these challenges, Indonesia must pursue a coordinated, multi-pronged, and long-term ‘Silicon Archipelago Strategy’. First, strengthening research and development is essential for this highly advanced industry. Indonesia must establish national R&D centers focused on advanced chip design, AI-enabled semiconductors, and IoT applications, while providing grants and tax incentives to encourage private sector innovation. Collaboration between universities, research institutes, and industry will accelerate technological learning and innovation. Specialized STEM programs, vocational training, apprenticeships, and partnerships with global tech firms can equip young Indonesian professionals with the technical expertise needed for this industry and create a band of highly-skilled workforce for the country. Third, to support high-tech manufacturing, investments in technology parks, industrial clusters, fabrication facilities, and data centers, combined with reliable utilities and logistics, are crucial to creating a conducive environment for production and innovation. Last but most importantly, the government must also foster domestic industry by encouraging startups and homegrown semiconductor brands while attracting foreign investment through streamlined regulations, clear policies, tax incentives, and public-private partnerships to facilitate technology transfer and capital inflows. Indonesia stands at a pivotal moment in its journey to become a significant player in the global semiconductor ecosystem. By leveraging its abundant natural resources, strategic location, and ambitious policy initiatives, the country has the potential to transition from a predominantly assembly-focused industry to an innovation-driven, high-value semiconductor hub. Achieving this vision will require sustained investment in research and development, workforce development, infrastructure, and domestic industry, alongside proactive engagement with international partners. If successfully executed, Indonesia can secure a meaningful place in the global “chip war” while fostering sustainable and equitable technological advancement for mankind.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cantya Saswita Sukawijaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Designing Peatland.asia: A Gamified Platform about Indonesia Peatland Conservation
Peatlands are wetland areas that cover only about 3% of the world’s ecosystems. Despite this small coverage, they play a critical role in regulating the global climate by storing carbon (Humpenöder et al., 2020). Peatlands also support biodiversity and contribute to local economies. Over time, they have sustained surrounding communities by enabling the growth of plantation crops, due to fertile soil conditions that make cultivation easier (Yunus et al., 2024; Yuwati et al., 2021). Indonesia contains about 47% of the world’s tropical peatlands, making it the largest tropical peatland ecosystem globally. However, Indonesia’s swamp forest coverage declined from 76% in 1990 to only 29% in 2015 (Abel et al., 2023; Osaki & Tsuji, 2016). This decline has largely been driven by short-term economic incentives, primarily for industrial plantations such as oil palm and pulpwood (Abel et al., 2023). A major challenge comes from human activities, including large-scale land conversion and intensive water extraction through canals built in peatland areas. These actions are often carried out without a full understanding of their long-term environmental consequences (Yuwati et al., 2021). As a result, there is a significant gap in awareness, particularly among local communities, which makes it difficult to communicate the urgency of preserving peatlands as ecological environments. To address this awareness gap, Peatland.asia was designed as a virtual living lab set in Indonesian peatland contexts. The platform uses gamified mechanics to promote social-ecological learning through playful interaction, as shown in Figure 1. Players navigate a virtual landscape where institutions represent various stakeholders involved in peatland management. Each institution offers interactive tasks and real-life stories, allowing players to understand the complex challenges of peatland conservation while balancing Play, Meaning, and Reality, following the Triadic Game Design (TGD) framework (Harteveld, 2011). During the design process, three evaluation rounds were conducted with the participation of NGO representatives, user representatives, and academic experts, who provided feedback on the prototype. In the final phase, the prototype was evaluated through an online playtest session in which potential players engaged with the game on their own devices. The evaluation used both a knowledge test and an empathy test, given before and after gameplay, as well as overall experience measurement through the Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). The final evaluation showed that Peatland.asia achieved its highest scores in sensory and imaginative immersion. This research demonstrates a new way to enhance players’ understanding of complex environmental issues, particularly peatland conservation through playful mechanics while still delivering meaningful learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Faisal Risq Efendy (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Building an Innovation Ecosystem in Indonesia through an Academia-Industry Dating Platform
The Kedaireka program (Indonesian Sovereignty in Innovation) was a government initiative launched in 2020 by Indonesia's Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology to stimulate industry-academia collaboration and catalyse an innovation ecosystem. The program’s ‘dating’ platform and matching fund instrument sought to accelerate commercialisation of university research and promote durable university–industry linkages. During the program’s active period, Indonesia’s Global Innovation Index in the University–industry R&D collaboration indicator climbed from rank 33 in 2020 to 5 in 2023. Following the program's discontinuation amid governmental restructuring and the ministry's transformation into the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology, the question arises whether its course produced a sustainable, institutionalized innovation ecosystem beyond index gains. Drawing on the conceptual literature on innovation ecosystems, this paper argues that Kedaireka is best understood as an important but incomplete institutional intervention. It initiated the creation of networks and incentive structure that allowed measurable collaboration indicators to rise, but fell short of achieving a self-sustaining and institutional embedding of university-industry relationships characteristic of mature innovation ecosystems. This study contributes to the limited literature on Kedaireka by demonstrating how government-led collaboration programs, despite achieving impressive statistical outcomes, may be a half-done task of creating the endogenous, self-reinforcing innovation networks essential for ecosystem development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Arafat, Dr. Ardhi Arsala Rahmani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimising Strategic Communications: Addressing the Complexity of Child Marriage in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Child marriage has been a pressing concern throughout years, primarily in developing countries where poverty becomes a structural issue and education remains deprived. In Indonesia, the enforcement of child marriage is recurrently associated with deep-rooted societal stigma (Kusumaningrum, Agastya, & Adhi, 2023). Marriage is often perceived as an ultimate resolution, ostensibly to escape family’s impecuniousness and society’s slander of teenagers’ committing adultery. Although the protection for children against underage marriage is encompassed within international treaties and domestic law, the case is protracted. Children’s access to education becomes grandiose, because their fulfillment of basic human rights is even unmet. Hence, this report scrutinises the pivotality of strategic communications implemented by relevant institutions to untangle the intricacy of child marriage in Indonesia. According to the Central Statistics Agency (Statistics Indonesia or BPS) (2024), the prevalence of child marriage in Indonesia has gradually decreased over the past decade. Nonetheless, the practice persists in rural areas where societal stigma is inextricably tied to cultural and religious beliefs. West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) province has become the focal point as in 2024, women aged 20-24 who were married before the age of 18 reached 14.96%, the highest in Indonesia. This occurrence has been exacerbated by deep-rooted patriarchal tradition ‘Merariq Kodeq’ where a young girl is kidnaped by a male with the intention of being forced to marry. In the most recent case in 2025, a 14 years old girl was forced to marry a 16 years old boy after committing Merariq. Although the girl returned home safe, the parents forced a marriage in order to avoid public slander (Apriaman, 2025). It is noteworthy that in 1990, Indonesia ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)–an international treaty initiated in 1989 under the United Nations (UN). Thus, Indonesia has agreed to comply the treaty’s substance, including the caveat against child marriage, by implementing the principles into legal and judicial practice. As one significant occurrence, on account of this ratification, Indonesia’s parliament revised its minimum legal age for marriage from 16 to 19 years old in 2019 within the Marriage Act. Moreover, referring to the Law on Crimes of Sexual Violence, an enforcement to child marriage is legally considered as sexual violence (Apriaman, 2025). Theoretically, a State Party’s practice of compliance is inseparable from domestic political circumstance. The legislative and judicial may have their own interpretation of one international treaty, and execute it based on the state-society relations (Simmons, 2009). As it recently occurred in NTB, the prohibition against underage marriage conflicted with local customary values. Although the Prevention of Child Marriage is encompassed within NTB Regional Regulation No.5/2021, the parents believed the marriage had to be carried out to preserve dignity. The legal aid agency ‘Apik’ intervened to protect the children, yet it was rejected by the child’s relatives owing to their conviction of traditional values (Apriaman, 2025). To be effectively adhered to, the implementation of legal statutes must be accompanied with adequate strategic communications in forms of advocacy. When a campaign’s objective collides with community’s shared values, public refusal ensues. It is imperative for an advocate to comprehensively understand a community's tradition before proposing policies. By creating a genuine connection with a belief system, advocates can enhance prospects to be accepted by a community alongside the sociopolitical environment (Coombs & Holladay, 2017). Hence, this report suggests relevant institutions such as Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection (Kemen PPPA) in conjunction with legal aid agencies to accentuate proximity with local communities as the fundament of child marriage-ban policy. This sense of proximity shall be delivered through the institutions’ narrative in order to convince the communities that prohibition against child marriage is not schemed to impertinent cultural tradition, but to protect children and society from the perils of unprepared marriage. To portray this comity and to build a long-term engagement, advocates must involve the community in the preliminary groundwork. Be that as it may, the policy is crafted to be complied with and applied by the local communities, thus their amenability is vital. This report conducts Catalytic Model expounded by Coombs and Holladay (2017) as the conceptual framework to pursue the campaign's objective by influencing and adapting to the sociopolitical environment of the targeted audiences. Accordingly, this report can effectively elaborate the most adequate communications strategy to curtail child marriage in local communities with customary value-motives such as NTB province.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vidya Pinandhita (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Policy-Driven Investment Framework for Danantara: Managing Risks, Leveraging the Demographic Bonus, and Adapting to Technological Uncertainty
Danantara, Indonesia’s sovereign wealth fund, serves as a strategic instrument for managing national assets and driving long-term economic development. Its primary focus is to achieve stable returns while accounting for measurable risks and unquantifiable uncertainties (Knight, 1921). Predictive and systematic policies are essential to ensure optimal capital flows and mitigate risks that cannot be easily quantified (IMF, 2022; OECD, 2022). Indonesia’s demographic bonus, projected to peak around 2030–2045, presents a significant opportunity for economic growth and innovation (World Bank, 2023). Without proper strategies, however, it could exacerbate structural unemployment, social inequality, and pressure on public services (BCG, 2024). Danantara holds strategic potential to support priority sectors, including education, healthcare, technology, and sustainable infrastructure (SWFI, 2023). The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) further adds uncertainty to labor markets, reshaping operations across industries and financial services (McKinsey & Company, 2023). Strategic investments in reskilling and human capital development are therefore crucial. This study applies a policy-driven investment framework with three analytical pillars: government policy and fund governance, global market dynamics and quantitative risks, and socio-economic impacts alongside technological uncertainties (International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds, 2023; IMF, 2022). The methodology integrates a 10-year historical simulation of a baseline portfolio (40% equities [SPY], 30% bonds [AGG], 20% gold [GLD], 10% cash [BIL]), stress-tested under a 40% equity drawdown scenario, alongside a policy-driven reallocation of 15% equities into an innovation/human capital proxy (ARKK). Key performance metrics include annualized return, volatility, and maximum drawdown. Results show that the baseline portfolio yields an annualized return of 3.38%, volatility of 4.76%, and a maximum drawdown of - 12.34%, with a 16% drop under stress. Reallocating 15% to the human capital/innovation fund improves annualized return to 5.25%, increases volatility to 5.97%, and reduces the stress drawdown to 10%, representing a 37.5% improvement in resilience. Scenario- based analysis suggests that such an allocation can absorb a significant portion of structural unemployment shocks arising from demographic and technological transitions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rayhan Fitra Rahmana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Measuring Illegal Online Gambling Defacement in Indonesia
Website defacement remains a persistent cybersecurity challenge, with attackers leveraging compromised platforms to promote illicit activities, disseminate malicious content, or undermine the credibility of trusted institutions. In recent years, government agencies and educational institutions in Indonesia have increasingly become targets of such attacks. One particularly concerning trend involves the systematic insertion of illegal online gambling (IOG) content into legitimate websites. Reports (DarkRadar, 2025) indicate that more than 2,500 Indonesian websites were compromised within a four-month period by actors seeking to exploit institutional trust and visibility to advertise gambling services. Such incidents not only degrade the reliability of online services but also carry reputational, financial, and legal consequences for the affected entities. These developments underscore the urgent need for practical, scalable, and reproducible approaches to measuring and detecting website defacement, particularly in environments where sophisticated defenses may not be feasible. Globally, studies highlight both the sophistication of gambling operators and the challenges of regulation. Research in Asia has revealed coordinated infrastructures, advanced promotion strategies, and extensive abuse of third-party services, while European work has demonstrated that regulatory measures (such as Spain’s Royal Decree 958/2020) can reduce new gambling accounts, marketing expenditures, and money wagered (Aonso-Diego et al., 2025; Huang et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2019). At the technical level, machine learning and deep learning models have achieved strong performance for defacement detection but are computationally intensive, require extensive training data, and degrade under domain shift (Nguyen et al., 2021; Vinayagam et al., 2024). These limitations restrict their use for continuous, real-world monitoring. To address this gap, we present a lightweight and reproducible methodology based on keyword-driven dorking combined with systematic crawling. The method leverages DuckDuckGo’s Tracker Radar Collector (TRC), an open-source crawling framework widely used in measurement studies. We implemented custom collectors for keywords, HTML, snapshots, and internal links, enabling both first-time detection and repeated monitoring. The data collection pipeline was orchestrated by two handlers: the list handler, which operated hourly to capture newly reported defaced URLs from DarkRadar, and the internal list handler, which executed daily to crawl third-party internal links extracted from defaced pages. This dual approach ensured both breadth and depth in capturing gambling-related compromises. Data was collected between 27 May and 25 June 2025 using a virtual machine in Jakarta with eight CPU cores and 8 GB RAM. During this period, the system identified 453 webpages potentially affected by defacement. After filtering and verification, 346 pages were confirmed as defaced, corresponding to 147 unique websites. The number of defaced pages per domain ranged from 1 to 33, with a mean of 2.35 and a median of 1. Domain-level analysis revealed that defacements spanned eight of the 13 Indonesian top-level domains (TLDs). The most affected were ac.id (117 pages across 65 domains), go.id (115 pages across 39 domains), and co.id (46 pages across 12 domains). This distribution indicates that academic and governmental institutions were disproportionately targeted due to their visibility and credibility. Keyword analysis showed that the most prevalent was slot (95.2%), followed by bet (90.5%), while zeus was least common (27.2%). Some keywords produced false positives, especially bet, due to substring matches with tokens like between and beta. Overall, the false positive rate was 20.3%, but crawling and keyword counting reduced misclassifications effectively. The persistence of defacement varied widely. We categorized cases as repeat defacement (150), fixed (129), fluctuating, and constant. A total of 102 pages were defaced only once, while others cycled repeatedly between compromise and repair, with the highest reaching 112 cycles. Redirection was identified on 28 pages across 13 sites, sometimes involving multiple gambling domains. Title manipulation was observed in 84 cases, though none displayed explicit “hacked by” signatures. We also analyzed third-party and internal URLs. In total, 8,837 unique URLs from 5,930 domains were injected into defaced pages. Most appeared only once, though nine URLs were reused across 21 different pages. The most frequent domains were heylink.me (16), linklst.bio (9), and lazada.co.id (9), the first two being link-shortening services often used to hide redirection paths. From 8,837 unique URLs, 5,830 internal URLs were successfully queried. Of these, 567 were hosted behind Cloudflare—sometimes associated with IOG-related infrastructure—1,266 returned errors, 2,340 led directly to IOG websites, and the rest were unrelated. This demonstrates that not all internal links from defaced pages resolve to gambling sites, suggesting selective link manipulation by attackers. Response times were inconsistent. Of 279 URLs with measurable recovery, 43.4% were fixed within 24 hours of first defacement, compared to 36.2% when considering average cycles. Conversely, 13.3% required more than a week initially, while only 10.4% took longer than a week on average. The mean initial reaction time was 74.7 hours, with an overall average of 75.3 hours, reflecting uneven and often delayed remediation. Some domains were suspended, others partially repaired, and many fell into repeated cycles of compromise. Our findings offer three main insights. First, attackers are diversifying techniques, relying on hidden URLs, redirection, and link injection in addition to direct content manipulation. Second, responses from institutions are inconsistent, with many acting quickly once but struggling to sustain defenses during repeated attacks. Third, lightweight methods such as dorking and crawling, while less sophisticated than machine learning, provide a scalable, reproducible, and resource-efficient means of capturing defacement dynamics. Future work should extend the observation period beyond one month to capture seasonal patterns, analyze internal links in greater depth, and incorporate technology stack profiling to explore correlations between specific frameworks and susceptibility to defacement. In conclusion, this study shows that Indonesian websites, particularly academic and governmental domains, face persistent threats from gambling-related defacement. By combining dorking with crawling, we provide a simple yet powerful methodology for measuring defacement at scale. The results underscore the need for continuous monitoring and provide actionable evidence to strengthen institutional responses against the growing threat of illicit online gambling.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luqman Zagi, Girindro Digdo, Wervyan Shalannanda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Giving Space for Grandma: Towards Digital Restitutionary Work of Indonesia’s Cultural Heritage from Colonial Context
The Dutch–Indonesia policy on colonial objects reveals persistent structural limitations, particularly in marginalizing the interests of source communities (Tythacott & Ardiansyah, 2021; Smith, Ristiawan & Sudarmadi, 2022; Drieënhuizen, 2024). Building on argument that the historical injustice of colonial collections is not just in the way that collections were collected, but also in the way that collections were documented, classified, and recorded within a particular Eurocentric worldview, I consider the object’s record as an object itself – containing traces of colonial legacy. These records often carry persistent inaccuracies, misrepresentations, and biases inherited from earlier cataloguing practices during colonial times and further perpetuated through digitization (Turner, 2022). To support the restitution policy, the Dutch government established Colonial Collections Datahub, a digital platform designed to be the “central access point” for researchers and stakeholders about information on colonial collections in The Netherlands (See Figure 1). The Datahub aggregates and publishes records about colonial objects held across Dutch institutions, offering a new digital interface for online users through which object’s records may be explored and potentially, contested. The exclusionary nature of current material restitutions models towards source communities and limited studies on digital spaces of colonial collections prompts this research to consider how Colonial Collections Datahub and social media as digital space offer possibilities to source communities to reclaim interpretive authority over their heritage. This research questioned the ways of source communities perceive and respond to the digital space of colonial collections. Derived decoloniality, third space and indigenous data sovereignty as theoretical framework, this research adopts qualitative method by conducting focus group discussions with communities in Aceh, Bali, and Surabaya towards the Colonial Collections Datahub interface. Complementing this, an experimental digital ethnography was conducted through three TikTok video series on Indonesian colonial objects, with case studies on Prince Diponegoro’s sabel and an Acehnese Barus flag. The communities and objects were chosen acknowledging the Indonesian geographical balances and historical significances. Findings show that digital platforms can act as knowledge entry points, transforming community members from passive recipients into active agents of intervention. For example, in the Colonial Collections Datahub, Acehnese community rehumanized a skull previously categorized as trophy and offer narratives as it belong to the a guerilla leader of Teuku Panglima Nya’ Makam (see figure 2). Balinese community reclaimed a Balinese colonial photograph of Puputan Badung knowing that it was his grandma that was innacurately attributed (see Figure 3). They also reconnected with a Balinese sacred statue of pratima previously recorded as a doll which open the way to a physical reunification through pasupati ritual at Wereldmuseum Amsterdam (see Figure 4 and 5). While the Colonial Collections Datahub works as a slow, careful way to correct and update historical records, TikTok operates as fast-paced, emotional vehicle for collective memory-making. People use it to share reactions, stories, and opinions about colonial objects in real-time. The comments are often spontaneous with multifaceted emotions which highlight different sides of history while also relating to contemporary society (See Figure 6). Such actions often serve as forms of epistemic and historical rectification, disrupting inherited colonial narratives which sparks heritage activism. However, participation is mediated by structural asymmetries embedded in digital infrastructures through platform governance and curatorial control. Despite these constraints, the study documents how communities engage in restitution discourse through ephemeral, creative, and subversive means, opening spaces for alternative historiographies. This paper proposes the concept of digital restitutionary work borrowing the emerging term of restitutionary work (Rassool and Gibbon, 2024) to describe practices that combine technological engagement with acts of decolonial intervention in colonial collections. This framework could bridge the interchangeable terms of repatriation and restitution within the Indonesia-Dutch repatriation policy. Digital restitutionary work encapsulates acts of community-led intervention, reinterpretation, and re-contextualization in online heritage platforms, where physical return may be delayed, contested, or impossible. Within the thematic relevance, this concept underscores the need for cross-border collaborations that dismantle both the material and digital perpetuation of colonial legacies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Made Naraya Sumaniaka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
AI for Sustainable Agriculture and Renewable Energy in Indonesia
In today’s era, data is widely considered the “new oil” that powers the overall global economy and many industries. Artificial Intelligence (AI) possesses an essential role in data processing, prediction, and automation, especially in Indonesia, as its digital economy is still developing at a slower pace compared to global trends. As Indonesia has many natural resources, it faces unique challenges with digital transformation and sustainability. Digital technology, AI, and IoT devices (cloud-connected sensor systems that capture, analyze, and send data in real-time and leverage AI for autonomous systems) used communication technology for optimizing and environment friendly crop production. This progression to a more sustainable future is however compromised by significant climate vulnerabilities such as droughts and El Niño events, which threaten local agriculture and livelihoods. On this basis, modern digital technologies hold significant potential to drive Indonesia’s sustainable development, especially across both the agriculture and energy sectors. Smart farming, for example, is a data-based practice that employs AI and sensors, and other automated systems to improve the performance of crops through efficient planting, irrigation, and fertilization, along with monitoring crops as they grow. Smart farming also supports the farmers to preserve the current state of soil health and intensively farmable land, since it would provide real-time data on nutrient levels and moisture conditions through the continuous monitoring of soil properties. With precision in irrigation, Smart farming reduces water waste and ensures it is delivered where it is most impactful; an important aspect in a potentially unpredictable environment confronting inconsistent rain and temperature conditions. AI-based crop disease risk is able to detect infectious diseases and insect threats early and limit the potential yield losses and dependence on the irrigation of chemical pesticides. Each of these benefits increase productivity, decrease water and fertilizer consumption, ultimately improving Indonesia’s crop harvest rates and food security. Parallel to agricultural modernization, the integration of digital technologies is also a major necessity for energy transition in Indonesia. Though the country has an abundance of renewable energy sources, implementation of clean energy in a full-scale transition remains a difficult task—particularly in rural and developing regions. In this case, using AI and a combined system of advanced digital sensors increases system reliability if they can predict solar and wind energy generation under uncertainty. For example, smart grid infrastructure and demand forecasting practices improves operational efficiency by minimizing energy waste and managing energy distribution and loss ensuring they operate within the threshold of supporting guidance to renewable energy sources, and reduces. The technologies reinforce the overall resilience and flexibility of the energy system and hypothetically reduce operating costs. Over time, these approaches could substantially reduce the country’s extensive dependence on fossil fuels and its greenhouse gas emissions, thus reinforcing Indonesia’s broader trajectory toward a green transition and sustainable development. Enhancements in agricultural efficiency alleviated environmental pressure and assured the safety and quality of harvested crops; but expanding and diversifying Indonesia’s energy sector speeds up a slow-moving transition away from fossil-fuel dependence. This approach would ultimately contribute to building the cornerstones of a resilient society sustained by low-carbon economies and increased technology integration; and would help reduce dependency on human labor. AI, they believe would lead to an incredibly important role as a link between the digital economy (development) and sustainability; providing data-driven estimates for decision-making and helping create a more gradual link between economic modernization and environmental sustainability. Despite these opportunities, it cannot be understated that Indonesia's path toward sustainable digital transformation is already fraught with challenges. Unequal access to technology between rural and urban regions threatens to expand socioeconomic disparities, while limited digital literacy and shortages of skilled professionals hinder the country’s ability to fully utilize advanced systems which primarily include AI and IoT. Infrastructural limitations, especially with respect to electricity reliability and internet coverage, also hamper the diffusion of complex technological devices beyond large urban settlements. Additionally, legislation has generally not been able to catch up to the pace of technological development, thus creating uncertainty in the area of data protection and management and supervision. Moreover, great financial costs of implementing renewable energy systems and transitioning from regular fossil fuel usage remain a significant obstacle for both the government and local communities whose livelihoods still highly depend on coal, oil and natural gas. Ultimately, the most current digital technologies allow Indonesia to have the potential to achieve balance between sustainability and economic growth, especially in the energy and agriculture industries. As Indonesia attempts to overcome a number of barriers to implement a range of green initiatives, it can begin to create structural barriers, build out digital services, and put foundational policy frameworks in place. With the reduction of reliance on non-renewable energy and the climate crises risk, a smooth transition can help Indonesia create the basis of resilience and low carbon emissions in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Xavier William (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
How the Family Resemblance Approach Improves Students’ Understanding of Science and Pseudoscience
The widespread use of seemingly scientific claims commonly known as pseudoscience poses a challenge to students’ ability to critically evaluate information. Science education, particularly through the Nature of Science (NOS), can equip students to understand the unique characteristics of scientific from pseudoscientific claims. The Family Resemblance Approach (FRA) offers a holistic framework for teaching NOS by emphasizing shared characteristics across scientific disciplines while acknowledging disciplinary diversity. This design-based research investigated how an FRA-based intervention influences students’ reasoning about science and pseudoscience in a two-iterative cycle. In the first cycle, 10 Indonesian students were recruited as Cycle 1 participants, and 5 Indonesian students based in the Netherlands were recruited as the Cycle 2 participants. Each cycle involved a pre-test, an FRA-based instructional intervention, and a post-test. Data from worksheets were coded using the five FRA categories, distinguishing between superficial and concrete responses. Findings indicate that several students improved their application of FRA categories in evaluating scientific and pseudoscientific cases, with some demonstrating conceptual gains even when pre-test reasoning showed no evidence of FRA-related thinking. These results support the value of FRA for fostering nuanced understanding without imposing rigid definitions of science. The study recommends refining cross-cultural sampling, expanding data collection methods, and developing teacher-led instructional models to strengthen classroom adoption of FRA for addressing pseudoscience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galih Widiyanto (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
WhatsApp-Based AI Reminder and Guidance System for Child Growth and Development Monitoring in Remote Areas: A Case Study of Buru Regency, Maluku
Monitoring child growth and development is essential to reduce stunting and improve the future quality of life. In Indonesia, most parents focus more on physical growth such as weight and height, while developmental aspects like motor, language, and cognitive skills are often neglected. These two aspects are closely related, and delays in development may increase the risk of stunting, reduce school readiness, and affect productivity later in life. In Buru Regency, Maluku, this problem is quite serious. The 2024 SSGI survey reports a stunting prevalence of 25.4%, well above the national target of 14%. While 96.9% of children have a Buku KIA (Maternal and Child Health Book), only 3.6% of infants are exclusively breastfed for six months, and Posyandu attendance remains low at 68.8%. On the other hand, digital adoption is very high, with 90.9% of Indonesians using WhatsApp monthly. This situation shows a paradox. Health literacy is low, but digital access is very high. Global studies emphasize the importance of early interventions to reduce stunting and enhance school readiness (Grantham-McGregor et al., 2017; WHO, 2022). In Indonesia, national programs such as the 1,000 Days of Life Initiative (Gerakan 1000 HPK) and Family-Based Healthy Indonesia Program (PIS-PK) have raised maternal and child health awareness, though implementation in remote areas remains limited (Bappenas, 2021). Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have proven effective in various contexts, such as SMS reminders for antenatal visits (Pratama et al., 2019), yet challenges in local adaptation and sustainability persist. Combining the widely used WhatsApp platform with Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers potential to increase parental engagement and support comprehensive monitoring of child growth and development. This study aims to design a WhatsApp-based system supported by AI that provides reminders and guidance for parents, especially mothers, to monitor both the growth and development of their children aged 0–24 months. The system is expected to improve family health literacy, increase parent involvement in early stimulation, and help reduce stunting in Buru regency. The system works through a simple and accessible process. First, registration. Mothers send a first message to the service, and AI collects basic child information (name, date of birth, gender). Second, monthly reminders. AI sends personalized messages asking whether the child has been weighed and also simple questions about developmental milestones. Third, stimulation guidance. If the child shows delays, the system gives easy activities using household items. Fourth, integration with Posyandu. AI reminds parents of weighing schedules, helps interpret the child’s growth chart, and suggests follow-up actions. Fifth, local nutrition advice. The system promotes local food for complementary feeding (e.g., sago, fish, sweet potatoes). Sixth, health worker contacts. Mothers can access contact details of midwives, nutrition staff, or lactation counselors. Early stimulation and parental involvement are proven to protect children against stunting and developmental delays (WHO, 2022). Unlike conventional mHealth applications that often require downloading, regular updates, or high digital literacy, a WhatsApp-based AI system leverages a platform already familiar to most Indonesian families. By providing timely reminders, personalized guidance, and simple home-based activities directly through WhatsApp, the system shifts child monitoring from health facilities to the family level, empowering parents as active participants rather than passive recipients. Its AI-driven personalization ensures that messages and recommendations are tailored to each child’s age and developmental stage, while integration with health workers allows for immediate feedback and support. This approach not only strengthens parental engagement but also bridges gaps in health service delivery in remote areas, ensuring consistent monitoring and support during critical stages of growth and development. A WhatsApp-based reminder and guidance system with AI support offers a low-cost, scalable innovation for monitoring child growth and development in remote areas. By improving family health literacy and strengthening collaboration with health workers, this initiative can contribute to reducing stunting and building stronger human capital for Indonesia’s future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Rahmawati Souwakil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Communication Strategy in Disseminating Agricultural Innovation through Instagram: a Comparative Study on BSIP Indonesia and Rural Development Administration South Korea
The digital transformation in agriculture has encouraged public institutions to utilize social media as a strategic channel for disseminating innovation. This study explores and compares the communication strategies of the Agricultural Instrument Standardization Agency (BSIP) in Indonesia and the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in South Korea through their respective Instagram accounts. Using a mixed methods approach, the research combines quantitative content analysis of Instagram posts from January to December 2024 with qualitative interviews involving key informants from both institutions and experts. The study identifies differences in content focus, visual style, audience targeting, and branding consistency. BSIP emphasizes formal institutional narratives and food security themes, while RDA adopts a youth-oriented strategy with visual storytelling and interactive content. The findings highlight the importance of adaptive communication strategies in digital agricultural outreach. Recommendations include enhancing content variety, improving visual identity, and aligning messaging with audience preferences to strengthen innovation dissemination through social media. Researchers have increasingly acknowledged agricultural innovation as a catalyst for sustainable development, especially through the Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) framework (Adekunle & Fatunbi, 2013; Sirnawati & Syahyuti, 2019). Nevertheless, the delivery subsystem, which is essential for ensuring innovations reach their intended users, has received relatively little attention. In the Indonesian context, institutions have shown strong capabilities in producing innovations, yet they continue to face challenges in dissemination due to weak strategic communication and low levels of public trust (Indraningsih, 2017; Lakitan, 2013). Public institutions have increasingly utilized digital platforms such as Instagram to disseminate agricultural information (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010; Vargas et al., 2022). However, research-based on the strategic communication of innovation via social media remains limited. Existing studies predominantly address technical aspects of ICTs or general dissemination practices (Steinke et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2016), without examining how communication strategies influence audience engagement and message effectiveness. To address this gap, this study employs Laswell's communication model (Wenxiu, 2015) to analyse and compare the strategic elements (communicator, message, channel, audience, and effect) used by BSIP Indonesia and RDA South Korea on Instagram, offering insights into institutional approaches to innovation dissemination across national contexts. RDA was chosen as a comparative account due to its similar institutional role, parallel Instagram adoption timeline, and South Korea’s top-tier digital public service ranking. This study employed a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative content analysis of Instagram posts from BSIP Indonesia and RDA South Korea (January–December 2024) with qualitative interviews. Key informants included BSIP public relations officers, RDA account administrators, agricultural communication experts, and a lecturer specializing in Korean language and culture, with experience in cross-cultural teaching in Indonesia. Lasswell’s communication model guided the analysis of strategic elements (communicator, message, channel, audience, and effect) while triangulation ensured data validity through multiple sources and techniques. Content analysis (Table 1 and 2) showed that @bsipkementan had a higher upload frequency (22 posts/month) but lower engagement (0.54%), dominated by performance reporting and formal institutional messaging. BSIP’s PR officer explained, “We are working more on mandatory tasks… downstream information to build public trust.” The account follows a “one day one content” policy, emphasizing consistency and branding through official logos and slogans. In contrast, @rdakorea posted less frequently (11 posts/month) but achieved higher engagement (1.96%), focusing on educational content and smart agriculture. The account admin stated, “Instagram is popular among youth, so we use it to share agricultural information with them.” A Korean language and culture lecturer added, “Public institutions must present relevant and useful content, this determines how often people engage.” @bsipkementan maintains formal visual consistency using institutional logos and slogans to reinforce credibility and branding. In contrast, @rdakorea applies thematic segmentation and informal visuals to appeal to younger audiences. A BSIP officer noted, “The logo is a form of accountability for the information we share,” while an Indonesian official observed, “RDA has a blueprint and moves in one direction, we (Indonesia’s institution) haven’t reached that level yet.” Despite BSIP’s intensive posting strategy, key informants acknowledged the risk of social media fatigue due to repetitive content. In contrast, RDA’s selective and thematic approach enhances content relatability and retention. These differences reflect how institutional constraints, audience targeting, and strategic planning shape communication effectiveness on Instagram. These findings are consistent with previous research on the impact of content characteristics and visual identity on engagement (Henisa & Wilantika, 2021; Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010; Kaur & Kaur, 2021), as well as the risks of social media fatigue from repetitive posting (Lee et al., 2022). The importance of content diversity and interactivity for building trust and engagement is also highlighted by Lovejoy & Saxton (2012) and Santini et al. (2020). The two accounts demonstrate distinct content priorities. @bsipkementan primarily focuses on performance reporting (30.04%), showcasing institutional achievements and alignment with government programs such as food self-sufficiency. This reflects its role in fulfilling mandatory tasks and building public trust. In contrast, @rdakorea emphasizes agricultural information (52.10%), using Instagram as an educational tool to promote smart and sustainable farming practices, particularly among younger audiences. This strategic difference highlights how each institution aligns its content with national objectives and target demographics. Content analysis of @bsipkementan and @rdakorea’s Instagram accounts reveals distinct strategies: @bsipkementan posts more frequently with formal, institution-focused content but achieves lower engagement, while @rdakorea’s selective, educational, and youth-oriented posts generate higher interaction. These differences reflect how institutional goals and audience targeting shape communication effectiveness. To enhance engagement, public institutions should balance posting frequency with content value, diversify content types, tailor messages to audience needs, and use data-driven insights for continuous improvement. This study contributes practical recommendations for optimizing social media strategies in public sector communication.
Copyright (c) 2025 Beny Nabila Happy Fauziah, Dr. Dyah Woro Untari, S.P., M.P., Ratih Ineke Wati, S.P., M.Agr., Ph.D (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Adaptive Reuse and Community Participation in Urban Cultural Heritage:Comparative Study of Hetero Space in Semarang, Solo, and Banyumas
Urban cultural heritage in Indonesia faces significant challenges, ranging from limited reuse models to the low of local community participation in sustaining cultural practices. Urban cultural heritage encompasses both tangible heritage (historic buildings, heritage site) and intangible heritage (crafts, performing arts) are at risk of marginalization under rapid urbanization. This process not only threatens local identity, but also collective memory and historical significance embodied in those assets. Current conservation practices remain predominantly on physical aspects, often neglecting the integration of cultural communication strategies and public participation. As a result, many heritage buildings are becoming passive artifacts rather than vibrant, productive spaces. This study explores community-based adaptive reuse as an alternative approach to preserving and reactivating cultural heritage assets. Adaptive reuse is understood not merely as a functional repurpose of heritage buildings but also as a medium of cultural communication: a process that transforms spaces into living arenas where creative practices, economic activities, and cultural narratives interact. By embedding community participation, particularly those of younger generations, adaptive reuse is expected to foster a sense of belonging, ensure sustainability, and revitalize intangible heritage through contemporary practices such as exhibitions, performances, and collaborative work. Using a qualitative methodology involving literature review, field observation, and semi-structured interviews, this research conducts a comparative analysis of three Hetero Space in Semarang, Solo, and Banyumas. These sites, developed by the Provincial Government of Central Java in collaboration with Impala Network, represent example of activation of heritage buildings as creative spaces. Each site reflects the potential and characteristics of its local ecosystem: Hetero Space Banyumas is rooted in grassroots community movements with diverse artistic activities; Hetero Space Solo thrives alongside the academic ecosystem of the art institute in Solo, marked by numerous contemporary art performances and the presence of a makerspace, while Hetero Space Semarang emphasizes technological innovation alongside contemporary cultural adaptation. Preliminary results indicate that adaptive reuse in these three sites is effective in four interrelated dimensions: (1) sustaining both tangible and intangible cultural heritage, (2) strengthens the participation of local communities, (3) generating creative economic opportunities, and (4) reinforcing local identity through cultural narration. These results underline that adaptive reuse, when framed as a participatory and communicative process, can transform heritage buildings from passive relics into living cultural networks. Beyond preservation, this approach offers a human-centered strategy for cultural resilience and positions Indonesia’s heritage as an active contributor in global cultural interconnectivity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rud Yoneko Tunggadewi, Armita Sharfina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of the Sustainability of Seribu Galon Program on Household Food Security of Women Farmers in Condongcatur, Sleman Regency
Indonesia's population has consistently increased annually, reaching 281.6 million in 2024. This demographic growth is closely impacted to rising food demand and land degradation, which may intensify food security challenges. These changes heighten the risk of food insecurity, particularly in urban and semi-urban areas. An instance of food insecurity was observed in the central region of Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. The Seribu Galon Program is an initiative introduced by the local government to support women farmer groups in enhancing household food security within Sleman Regency. The program employs three key conceptual approaches to home yard utilization. First, it incorporates local wisdom by collecting used water gallons within the community to be repurposed as planting containers. Second, it promotes sustainable agriculture through the adoption of organic farming practices during seed preparation, planting, maintenance, and harvesting. Third, it emphasizes community engagement by encouraging collaboration among women farmer groups, community-based women organizations (PKK), and local waste bank institutions in the program’s implementation. This study aims to evaluate the factors influencing the sustainability of the Seribu Galon Program, to measure its level of sustainability, and assess its effects on household food security among respondents. The sustainability of the Seribu Galon Program was evaluated based on three key dimensions: ecological, economic, and social. Household food security was assessed using four aspects, namely food availability, utilization, accessibility, and stability. The data were collected by questionnaires, conducting direct observations, and performing interview with five women farmer groups in Condongcatur Village, Sleman Regency. A total of 60 respondents were selected randomly. The collected data were analyzed using proportion tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. Findings were further supported by a review of relevant literature and regional statistical data. The analysis of sustainability across social, economic, and environmental dimensions was conducted by considering regional characteristics to identify emerging phenomena. The results indicate that the overall sustainability of the program is categorized as high, with a score of 75.72%. This high level of sustainability was positively influenced by internal factors such as age and motivation, as well as external including the roles of farmer groups and agricultural extension agents. These findings suggest that increased program sustainability is associated with a greater influence of these four factors in promoting sustainability. A similar pattern was observed regarding the impact of sustainability on the food security of members women farmer groups households. The sustainability of the Seribu Galon Program is relevant not only for farming activities within the program but also ensuring household food needs in terms of availability, accessibility, stability, and utilization. This study highlights that small-scale community-based agricultural initiatives, such as the Seribu Galon Program, play an important role in promoting sustainable agriculture and household food security. Their sustainability and effective implementation depend on collaboration among stakeholders and the strengthening of individual capacities and characteristics. The findings of the study provide a basis for recommendations to government and community stakeholders in supporting similar initiatives that address ecological, social, and economic challenges, particularly for sustainable agriculture and food security in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rufaidah Haunan, Dr. Dyah Woro Untari, S.P., M.P., Ratih Ineke Wati, S.P., M.Agr., Ph.D (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Indonesia at a Crossroads: Why a Hybrid of Capitalism and Socialism is the Only Escape from Corruption and Inequality
Indonesia’s economic growth and Vision 2045 ambitions project optimism for the country’s future. Yet alongside these achievements, persistent corruption, widening inequality, and oligarchic dominance reveal systemic weaknesses that risk undermining inclusive development (Transparency International, 2024). While technical reforms in governance and economic management have attracted significant scholarly and policy attention, the ideological underpinnings of Indonesia’s development trajectory remain underexplored. This study addresses that gap by reframing corruption and inequality not as isolated governance failures, but as structural consequences of oligarchic capitalism. It advances the argument that a hybrid system, combining capitalist innovation with socialist redistribution, offers a more sustainable foundation for Indonesia’s long-term development. Oligarchic capitalism in Indonesia privileges elite accumulation while narrowing the scope of democratic accountability. Formal electoral mechanisms exist, but policy outcomes frequently align with concentrated economic interests rather than the broader public good. This dynamic echoes critiques of capitalism as inherently prone to concentration and inequality (Marx, 1990). At the same time, socialism, which could function as a corrective by embedding redistribution and welfare guarantees, has long been marginalized in Indonesia due to Cold War-era narratives that conflated it with authoritarian communism. As Polanyi (2001) argued, markets are always embedded within social and political structures; overlooking this interdependence leaves states vulnerable to social fragmentation and weakened legitimacy. To illustrate alternatives, the study employs a qualitative comparative analysis, drawing on governance indicators, corruption indices, welfare expenditure reports, and foundational works in political economy (Marx, 1990; Polanyi, 2001). Finland is selected as the primary comparator because it exemplifies the Nordic Model, combining global market competitiveness with robust welfare systems. Unlike Norway, Finland does not rely heavily on natural resource rents, making it a particularly relevant case for demonstrating how redistribution and competitiveness can coexist without extraordinary external advantages (OECD, 2025; UNDP, 2023). The analysis contrasts Indonesia’s rent-seeking capitalism with Finland’s hybrid model, with supporting data presented in Tables 1 and 2. This comparative framework highlights how Finland institutionalizes welfare commitments while sustaining innovation-driven growth, in contrast to Indonesia’s system where inequality and corruption are normalized. From this comparison, the study argues that embedding socialist principles in welfare sectors such as healthcare, education, housing, and natural resources, while allowing capitalist mechanisms to flourish in industry and technology would create a more balanced and resilient system. Essential mechanisms include progressive taxation, systemic anti-corruption safeguards, and depoliticized state-owned enterprises oriented toward collective welfare. The contribution of this research lies in repositioning ideology as a central variable in Indonesia’s development debate. By foregrounding the structural implications of oligarchic capitalism and drawing lessons from Finland’s hybrid model, the study bridges normative political economy with empirical governance studies. This perspective underscores that institutional reform alone is insufficient without ideological transformation. For Indonesia to realize the aspirations of Vision 2045, it must embrace a hybrid system that reflects both capitalist dynamism and socialist justice, consistent with the principles of Pancasila.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vashty Dhilla Zharfa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
I Sai Nebaradosa: Reflection on Nusantara Ecotheology Based on the Local Wisdom of the Sangihe Community
Indonesian local wisdom is a noble heritage of our ancestors that must be protected and preserved. One of the constructive values of Nusantara local wisdom is the mutually respectful relationship between humans and nature. Regrettably, this relationship has shifted due to colonial domination of Nusantara theology. This research seeks to analyze how local wisdom, containing a distinctive Nusantara theology, can be utilized as material for reflection on the relationship between nature and humans today. The local wisdom discussed in this research originates from the Sangihe Islands Regency, North Sulawesi Province. This local wisdom is one face of Indonesia among many other local wisdoms from various regions in Indonesia that can contribute to an original ecotheological understanding that belongs to and originates from Indonesia. The underlying question of this research is how the local wisdom of the Sangihe community can contribute to the development of ecotheology in Indonesia. To answer this question, a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach was chosen as the analytical tool. This method will assist in exploring the meaning of symptoms and phenomena. Choan-Seng Song's "Story Theology" will be used as the primary theoretical foundation for this research. To date, no previous research has been found that highlights the local wisdom of the Sangihe community as a foundation for ecotheology in Indonesia. Therefore, the study of ecotheology based on the local wisdom of the Sangihe community will be a novelty in this research. This research is expected to offer an ecotheological perspective on the relationship between humans and nature. This ecotheological perspective can then be used to address the ecological crisis currently occurring in many parts of the world, including Indonesia. Furthermore, this research also hopes to view local wisdom as valuable and academic. Local wisdom can be analyzed as something philosophical and useful for human survival.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ryanto Adilang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Persepsi Masyarakat Indonesia Terhadap Pencarian Bantuan dalam Kesehatan Mental: Studi Survei
Latar Belakang: Meskipun ada kemajuan dalam kebijakan kesehatan mental dan peningkatan kesadaran di Indonesia, tantangan seperti rendahnya pencarian bantuan dan kepatuhan terhadap pengobatan masih ada. Hal ini sering kali disebabkan oleh stigma, rendahnya literasi kesehatan mental, dan keyakinan budaya yang mempengaruhi pandangan terhadap kesehatan mental. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana literasi kesehatan mental dan stigma diri memengaruhi sikap masyarakat umum Indonesia terhadap pencarian bantuan dari psikolog klinis. Metode: Sebanyak 309 peserta dari tiga wilayah di Indonesia mengikuti survei yang dilakukan antara Juni hingga Agustus 2023. Survei ini melibatkan vignette kasus gangguan mental yang diikuti dengan pertanyaan tentang persepsi keparahan, penyebab, dan sumber bantuan. Survei juga mengukur pengetahuan tentang psikolog klinis, stigma diri dalam pencarian bantuan, dan sikap terhadap pencarian bantuan. Data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi Pearson, ANOVA, dan regresi berganda untuk analisis kuantitatif, sementara analisis tematik diterapkan pada respons terbuka dari peserta. Hasil: Sebagian besar peserta menilai masalah kesehatan mental sebagai moderat hingga berat, dengan PTSD, depresi mayor (MDD), dan penyalahgunaan zat dipandang paling berat. Psikosis dinilai sedikit lebih ringan. Faktor biologis dan intrapersonal sering diidentifikasi sebagai penyebab utama masalah kesehatan mental, sementara teman, keluarga, dan psikolog klinis dianggap sebagai sumber dukungan yang paling bermanfaat. Pengalaman sebelumnya dan tingkat pengetahuan tentang psikolog klinis relatif tinggi di kalangan peserta, meskipun tingkat keakraban bervariasi. Analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa persepsi tentang keparahan gangguan dan pengetahuan tentang psikolog klinis berpengaruh positif terhadap sikap pencarian bantuan, sementara stigma diri memiliki dampak negatif. Faktor-faktor ini menjelaskan 24% dari varians sikap pencarian bantuan. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan tentang psikolog klinis, persepsi keparahan masalah kesehatan mental, dan stigma diri secara signifikan memengaruhi sikap pencarian bantuan di Indonesia. Peningkatan literasi kesehatan mental dan pengurangan stigma sangat penting untuk mendorong perilaku pencarian bantuan yang lebih positif di masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indonesia, literasi kesehatan mental, pencarian bantuan, psikolog klinis, stigma diri
Copyright (c) 2025 Lely Safrina (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pemantauan Kondisi Kesehatan Sapi Perah Berbasis Sensor untuk Decision Support System (DSS) pada Peternak Sapi Perah
Di Indonesia, permintaan protein hewani khususnya sapi perah terus meningkat. Akibatnya, peternakan sapi perah berupaya keras untuk meningkatkan produksi, meskipun jumlah lahan terbatas. Mengingat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan populasi negara, permintaan lahan di Indonesia sangat tinggi. Akibatnya, hanya sekadar meningkatkan produksi susu bukanlah pilihan. Efisiensi kesejahteraan hewan dan dampak lingkungan dari produksi ternak dapat ditingkatkan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi peternakan presisi dengan lebih baik. Peningkatan produksi peternakan sapi dengan pendekatan berkelanjutan sangat penting untuk kebutuhan masa depan. Hal ini juga sejalan dengan visi dan prioritas penelitian yang ditetapkan dalam Peta Jalan Riset Nasional Indonesia 2017 – 2045. Akan tetapi, untuk mengatasi tantangan tersebut, diperlukan penerapan teknologi berbasis komputasi. Informasi tentang kesehatan ternak, parameter produksi, praktik manajemen terkini, dan faktor risiko potensial perlu dikumpulkan di peternakan untuk jangka waktu yang lebih lama. Bukti yang berkembang menunjukkan bahwa penelitian merupakan tantangan karena beberapa penyakit ternak memiliki gejala yang serupa. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan Kecerdasan Buatan atau Artificial Intelligence (AI) sangat penting dalam mendiagnosis dan memprediksi penyakit pada hewan ternak. Penelitian sebelumnya telah menyarankan pengembangan sistem diagnostik berbasis komputer untuk meningkatkan kualitas pengobatan yang optimal, deteksi dini jenis dan penyebab penyakit, dan pengobatan yang tepat sasaran. Tujuan dari penelitian yang diusulkan adalah untuk mengembangkan sistem deteksi otomatis untuk sistem pendukung keputusan atau Decision Support System (DSS) untuk peternak pada penyakit khusus sapi perah, yaitu penyakit metabolik pada hewan ternak seperti mastitis dan ketosis. Salah satu penyakit metabolik sapi perah, Kemudian, data mentah dari sensor perlu dianalisis menggunakan algoritma Machine Learning (ML) untuk mengklasifikasikan gejala gangguan kesehatan sapi perah. Diperlukan juga metode optimal untuk model management system untuk pengenalan yang lebih baik berbasis pengetahuan / knowledge base. Selain itu, penting untuk memanfaatkan dan mengoptimalkan beberapa tools ML untuk ekstraksi fitur yang lebih baik. Semua hal tersebut nantinya menjadi system yang merupakan penggabungan antara model keunggulan teknologi kecerdasan buatan (AI), pembelajaran mesin, (Machine Learning)m big data, dan Internet of Things (IoT). Dari permasalahan tersebut dirumuskan pertanyaan penelitian atau Research Questions (RQ) sebagai berikut. RQ.1: Jenis sensor apa yang dapat digunakan untuk memantau kesehatan sapi perah? RQ2: Parameter apa saja yang dapat diukur oleh sensor tersebut? RQ3: Jenis alat pendukung keputusan apa saja yang digabungkan dengan sistem sensor ini? RQ4: Apa dampak penggunaan sistem sensor ini terhadap manajemen peternakan? Deteksi penyakit dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur beberapa parameter sapi perah melalui sampel darah, urin, dan susu. Namun, sistem deteksi penyakit dapat dilakukan dengan mendeteksi komponen penyusun susu. Susu dari sapi perah yang mengalami penyakit metabolik biasanya menghasilkan hasil pengukuran sensor yang berbeda dengan susu sapi sehat. Dengan demikian, konsistensi respons sensor ini merupakan bagian penting yang perlu diperhatikan. Sistem pengolahan data dilengkapi dengan model pembelajaran mesin (ML) yang telah dilatih sebelumnya dan memiliki model yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis kondisi ternak. Algoritma perlu dilatih menggunakan sampel data sapi yang sehat dan sakit di berbagai peternakan. Jika terjadi kelainan pada ternak, sistem akan dapat mengirimkan informasi ke peternak/pengguna di server cloud. Sistem akan menyediakan diagnosis kesehatan dan dukungan keputusan untuk pengobatan ternak dan pencegahan penyakit. Pada akhirnya, sistem pendukung keputusan yang menyediakan diagnosis penyakit serta saran pengobatan akan dikembangkan untuk digunakan oleh pengguna/peternak. Manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai solusi alternatif untuk meningkatkan efisiensi peternakan sapi perah termasuk dampak lingkungan terhadap produksi. Diharapkan, sistem ini akan membantu peternak dalam pengambilan keputusan dengan menggunakan data dan informasi. Karena penelitian ini merupakan bagian dari proyek penelitian Smart Indonesia Agriculture (Smart-In-Ag) yang melibatkan akademisi dari Indonesia dan Belanda dengan disiplin ilmu yang berbeda, sistem yang dikembangkan akan diuji dalam eksperimen skala besar di beberapa peternakan di kedua negara. Manfaat ekonomi dari peningkatan kesehatan dan ekologi, termasuk tren menuju masa depan, akan dibuat terlihat menggunakan model bioekonomi. Dampak terhadap lingkungan akan dianalisis. Hal ini dapat mendukung pembangunan kebijakan berkelanjutan jangka panjang di Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ikhsan Sani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0